英语代词的用法(路).doc

代词
一、代词的定义与分类
代词是代替名词及起名词作用的短语或句子的词。代词根据其意思和用法可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词九类。
二、人称代词，物主代词，反身代词用法概述
这三种代词都有人称（一、二、三人称）的变化、数（单、复数）的变化。其中，人称代词除了这三种变化外，还有格（主格、宾格）的变化。物主代词又包括两种形式：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。特别注意：形容词性物主代词its没有相应的名词性物主代词。
这三种代词的形式变化表如下：
人称
单复数
主 格
宾 格
形容词性
物主代词
名词性
物主代词
反身代词
第一
人称
单 数
I
me
my
mine
myself
复 数
we
us
our
ours
ourselves
第二
人称
单 数
you
you
your
yours
yourself
复 数
you
you
your
yours
yourselves
第三
人称
单 数
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
无
itself
复 数
they
them
their
theirs
themselves
三、人称代词
1) 定义：人称代词是用来指代人、动物或事物的代词。它必须在人称(第一人称、第二人称、及第三人称)、数（单数、复数）这两方面与被指代的名词一致。
如：I am a student.
Lucy is very pretty, and she likes singing.
The boys are students, and they are on the playground.
The apple is small. It is Tom's.
2) 人称代词的句法功能
人称代词有主格和宾语之分：主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语。
如：I saw him at the party(宾语).
I bought a book for them.(作介词宾语)
=I bought them a book.(间接宾语)
3) 人称代词的排列顺序
分三种情况：复数人称代词按照 we – you – they顺序； 单数人称代词按照you – he/she – I顺序； 第三人称男女并用时按照he- she顺序.
四、物主代词
表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性
物主代词. 形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语. 名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语.
Here is my dog. Its name is Jimmy.（形容词性物主代词）
My sister lost her bike. (形容词性物主代词)
Is that book yours or hers? (名词性物主代词)
注意:
1.形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,它后面必须跟名词,即在名词前作定语。
2.当名词前有形容词性物主代词修饰时,不能再用冠词a, an或the及指示代词this, that, these或those来修饰名词。
五、反身代词
反身代词的人称和数以及性要和它所指代的名词或代词一致,可用作宾语、同位语等。用作同位语时，主要用于加强被修饰词的语气，可紧放在被修饰名词后或句末。,第一和第二人称的反身代词由“形容词性物主代词 + self/selves”构成，第三人称的反身代词由”宾格代词+self/selves”构成。
如：
1.He himself was a doctor. (同位语)
2.The boy is too young to look after herself. （宾语）
3.I don't blame you, I blame myself(宾语).
4.Tom cut himself when he was cooking.(宾语)
含有反身代词的固定搭配:
all by oneself (独自地、孤独地)
enjoy oneself (玩得开心，过得愉快)
teach oneself （自学） hurt oneself （伤到自己）
dress oneself (自己穿衣服) help oneself to… （请随便吃……）
say to oneself （自言自语）
leave one by oneself （把某人单独留下）
六、指示代词
所谓指示代词就是用来指代事物或人的词,如this，that，these，those
1. this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：
This is a pen and that is a pencil．
We are busy these days．
In those days the workers had a hard time．
2. 在疑问句中,如果句子的主语是this，that，these和those时,回答时用it代替this或that, they代替these或those.
例如: ---Is this/that your pencil?
---Yes, it is.
---What are these/those?
---They are bananas.
3.在电话用语中, this 相当于 “我”,常用于自我介绍;that相当于 “你”,用来询问对方身份.
---Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
七、疑问代词
疑问代词即指who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。
如: Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语）
What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语)
Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语)
注意：what与 which的用法区别：当选择的范围较明确时，用 which；当选择的范围不明确时，用 what。
如：Which color do you like, red, black or white?
What color is your car?
七、不定代词
1）定义：
不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
2） 种类
英语中不定代词有：some（something，somebody，someone，somewhere），any（anything，anybody，anyone，anywhere）， no（nothing，nobody，no one）， every（everything，everybody，everyone，everywhere），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either， neither等。
注意:不定代词是英语所有代词中最重要的一类，也是中考英语中最常考的一类，复习时应注意以下几点：
1. some与any的区别
1）some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”, any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”.
如: Look! Some of the students are cleaning the classroom.
Some rice in the bag has been sold out.
If you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
2）any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。
---How many people can you see on the playground?
---I can't see any.
If you have no money, I'll lend you some.
2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别
1）用作形容词：
含义
用法
表示肯定
表示否定
用于可数名词
a few虽少，但有几个
few不多，几乎没有
用于不可数名词
a little，虽少，但有一点
little不多，没有什么
如: I'm going to buy a few apples.
He has few friends.
He can speak only a little French.
There is only a little milk in the glass.
2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little = a bit = kind of 表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。
如: I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Lucy, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级)
3. other, the other, another, others, the others的区别
用 法

代名词
形容词
单数
复数
单数
复数
不定
another
另一个
others
别人，其他人
another (boy)
另一个（男孩）
other (boys)
其他男孩
特定
the other
另一个
the others
其余那些人、物
the other (boy)
另一个男孩
the other (boys)
其余那些男孩
1）other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。
如: I haven't any other books except this one.
2）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人
或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
如: She has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.

3） other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与
some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
如: Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
如：In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese.
5）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的单数名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.
如：I want to buy this skirt. Would you please show me another one?
6）another也可以作代词用表示“另一个”。
如：I'm still hungry, please give me another cake.
4. every与each的区别
each
every
1)可单独使用
1)不可单独使用
2)可做代名词、形容词
2)仅作形容词
3)着重“个别”
3)着重“全体”，毫无例外
4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物
4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物
如： The teacher gave a book to each child.
注：当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一
个人的情况而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体
的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
如：Every student loves the English teacher.
= All students love the English teacher.
5. all和both的用法
1）all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复
数。
如：All of us like Mr.Zhang.（作主语）
= We all like Mr.Zhang. (作同位语)
2）both单独使用或与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，都表示“两者都”。
Both of them like singing.
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.

八、关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who,
whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。
如：I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.
With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.

九、易错点
1．承认过去、表示不好的事情时，单数人称代词按照I- he/she – you 顺序排列， 复数人称代词按照we – you – they 顺序排列。
2．his 和its既可以作形容词性物主代词，又可以作名词性物主代词。
3．在打电话语境中，习惯用this和that代替I和you。
4．不定代词all和not连用时表示部分否定，要译成“不全部”，不能译成“都
不”；表示全部否定要用none。
5．形容词或副词（如else）修饰不定代词时，要放在不定代词之后。
6．疑问代词who作主语时，即使被问者是复数，谓语动词也常用单数形式。
7．疑问代词what作定语时，意为“什么”，不限制范围；which作定语时，意
为“哪（几）个”，指在相当数目中进行选择，限制在一定范围内。

十、实战演练
1. We didn't learn ________ in this lesson.
A. something new B. new something [来源:学#科#网Z#X#X#K]
C. anything new D. new anything
2. —Does ________ know the answer to the question?
—Me.
A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody
3. —There is no salt left. Jim, would you like to get ________？
—OK, Mum!
A. it B. one C. some D. any
4.The Smiths have visited two famous countries. One is Japan and________ is China.
A. another B. other C. others D. the other
5.—Did you find ________ in the room?
—No, we found________ there.
A. anybody; nobody B. somebody; everybody
C. anybody; somebody D. everybody; anybody
6. Sorry, I can't answer your question. I know ________ about the subject.
A. a little B. little C. few D. a few
7.She asked me not to lend the book to________.
A. others B. the other C. another D. the others
8.There are many flowers and trees on ________ sides of Jiefang Avenue.
A. each B. every C. both D. all
9.—Is Miss White ________ English teacher, Maria?
—No, she teaches ________ geography.
A. your; my B. you; mine C. you; us D. your; us
10.—Linda, help ________ to some fruit.
—Thank you.
A. you B. yours C. yourself D. yourselves
11.—Excuse me, I want to have my watch fixed, but I can't find a repair shop.
—I know ________ nearby. Come on, I'll show you.
A. one B. it C. some D. that
12.Sam looks like his Dad. They are ________ tall.
A. either B. any C all D. both
13.—Wow！You've got so many skirts.
—But ________ of them are in fashion now.
A. all B. both C. neither D. none
14.All of us find ________ necessary to take exercise every day.
A. this B. that C. it D. them
15.Things made by hand are usually more expensive than ________ produced in factories.
A. these B. this C. that D. those

Key:
1-5CBCDA 6-10 BACDC 11-15ADDCD