M6U4教学设计Grammarandusage.doc

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● Grammar and Usage

Step 1: General introduction
This section teaches four other cases that need to use unreal conditionals. You’ll learn the forms of mixed unreal conditionals, words that can replace if-clauses in implied conditionals and the usage of wish or would rather in unreal conditionals.
Step 2: Revision
As we learned in the last unit, when a sentence is talking about something that is not real or currently impossible, the verb will be used in a special form that expresses a wish, possibility, condition, etc.
Here’re some exercises for you. Choose the best answers:
1. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all right now.
A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been
2. _____ any change about the date, please tell me immediately.
A. Will there be B. Should there be C. There will be D. There should be
3. _____ today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving
C. Were he to leave D. If he leave
4. Should it rain, the crops _____ .
A. would be saved B. would have been saved
C. will be saved D. had been saved
5. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.
A. would B. should have C. may D. have
6. What should we do if it _____ tomorrow?
A. should snow B. would snow C. snow D. will snow
7. You _____ such a serious mistake if you had followed his advice.
A. may not make B. might not make
C. shouldn’t have made D. might not have made
8. If it were not for the fact that you _____ ill, I would ask you to do this right now.
A. were B. had been C. are D. should be

Keys 1-5 CBCAB 6-8 ADC
Step 3: Explanation and practice
1. We should first pay attention to the forms of the predicate verbs in different tenses when we use sentences in unreal conditional. Let’s remember how to form unreal conditionals of the present, past or future time.
tense
If-- clause
main clause
present
did(were)
would/ should/ could/ might do
past
had done
would/ should/ could/ might have done
future
did，should do，were to do
would/ should/ could/ might do
2. We use mixed conditionals when the main clause and the if-clause are about different tenses.
e.g. 1) If you had come and attended the meeting yesterday, you would know what we are doing now.
2) If you had followed my advice, you would not be in trouble now.
Now, complete Part A. Pay attention to the different tenses in the if-clause and the main clause.
Answers
A (1) had not studied (2) would not be
(3) had studied (4) would have
(5) knew (6) would be
(7) could help (8) would not be
3. Read Point 2. Sometimes we can use otherwise, or and phrases beginning with with, without and but for to replaces a if-clause in implied conditionals. Pay attention to the verb form in the main clauses.
4. In adverbial clauses introduced by even if, as if, as though and if only we can use unreal conditionals.
In object clauses after wish or would rather the subjunctive verb forms are often used because the speaker thinks what is said in the clause is currently not true or possible, or will not happen. You should know different subjunctive verb forms are used in the object clause according to the time that the event happened or will happen.
e.g. 1) I wish you had met him yesterday.
2) Without your help , we couldn’t have made such progress in my study in the past few years .
3) If only you hadn’t told him what I said! Everything would have been all right.
4) Without electronic computers, much of today's advanced technology couldn’t have been achieved.
5. Read the dialogue in Part B and fill in each blank with a proper word or phrase according to the meaning of the sentence.
Answers
B
(1) Without (2) otherwise/or (3) otherwise/or (4) wish (5)With
(6) Without (7) even if (8)without (9) If only (10) as if

For reference
动词的语气——虚拟语气
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

从 句
主 句
与现在事实相反
动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）
would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反
had + 过去分词
would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反
动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形
would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如 If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。 I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。

相关高考试题
1. Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it ____________ yesterday. (2006全国)
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
2. ---Don’t you think it necessary that he ________ to Miami but to New York?
---I agree, but the problem is ________he has refused to. (2005江苏)
A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what
3. If I ________plan to do anything I wanted to, I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible. (2005湖北)
A. would B. could C. had to D. ought to
Keys 1-3 DBB
Step 4: Consolidation
I. Multiple choice
1. We demanded that we __________ of any change in the plan.
  A. informed       B. would be informed        C. be informed      D. had been informed
2. It’s necessary that he _________ a recognized qualification.
  A. has             B. have                    C. had              D. having
3. It's high time we ____________ our attention to this problem.
  A. turned          B. turn                     C. had turned        D. would turn
4. If only you __________ him what I said!  Everything would have been all right.
  A. didn't told      B. hadn't told               C. would not tell     D. would have not told
5. He must have had an accident, or he____________ here then.
  A. would have been       B had been C. should have been         D. could be
6. Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers_____________ before.
  A. had invented      B. were invented
 C. should have been invented    D. had been invented
7. _____________ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.
  A. Were they to      B. Could they            C. If they             D. Would they
8. Five minutes earlier, and we ____________ the last bus.
  A. had caught       B. should have caught      C. could have caught    D. caught
9. You ____________ the clothes! We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.
  A. shouldn't have washed                      B. mustn't have washed
  C. can not have washed                        D. needn't have washed
10. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
   A. has to get       B. were to get           C. had got            D. could have got
11. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____________ himself.
   A. injure          B. had injured           C. injured            D. would injure
12. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios __________ after 11 o'clock at night.
   A. were not played         B. not to play C. not be played               D. did not play
13. You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _________ on business first.
   A. would go        B. will go             C. went              D. have gone
14. It is important that enough money ___________ to fund the project.
   A. be collected      B. must be collected  C. was collected          D. can be collected
15. If only the committee __________ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
   A. approve         B. will approve      C. can approve           D. would approve
16. I don't think it advisable that Tom ________ to the job since he has no experience.
   A. is assigned       B. will be assigned   C. be assigned            D. has been assigned
17. You ____ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.
   A. needn't have seen  B. must have seen   C. might have seen        D. can't have seen
18. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.
   A. would have telephoned                B. must have telephoned
   C. would telephone                      D. had telephoned
19. It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.
   A. is not started          B. will not be started  
C. not be started          D. is not to be started
20. I wish I ________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
   A. could have slept   B. slept            C. might have slept        D. have slept
21. I ________ her to the party but I didn't know her well.
   A. ought have invited       B. would have invited
C. should invite        D may have invited
22. You ________ to town to see the film last week. It will be on TV tomorrow.
   A. needn't go       B. should not go      C. had better not go        D. needn't have gone
23. --- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---- Yes, but I ________ busy doing my homework..
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
24. It was essential that the application forms ___________ back before the deadline
   A. must be sent     B. would be sent     C. be sent                  D. were sent
25. It is important that we ________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave

II. Translation
1. 我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。

2. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。

1. ---如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？
---会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。

4．如果你昨晚没有看电影到那么晚的话，你现在就不会这么困了。

5. 没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。

Keys
I. 1-5: CBABC  6-10: DACDB  11-15: ACCAD  16-20: CDACA  21-25: BDACD
II.
1. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I would have telephoned him.
2. He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.
3．---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---- Yes, but I were busy doing my homework.
4．If you hadn’t seen that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
5．Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.

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