1、2022届高考英语二轮复习:动词不定式作定语讲义素材动词不定式作定语不定式作定语通常要放在它所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将 来的动作,即不定式的动作发生在谓语之后。in修饰主语不定式A:表示一种将要发生动作且是被动(to be done结构)The car to be bought is for his sister.The car which will be bought is for his sister.B:表示一种将要发生动作且是主动(t。be do结构)The person to meet you at the railway station iscalled Jack.=The pe
2、rson who will meet you at the railway station is called Jack.C:表示一种正在发生动作且是主动(to be doing结构)(不定式动作发生讲话人之前,且一直都在进行之中)The boy to be sleeping in the room is my younger brother.=The boy who is sleeping in the room is my younger brother.D:表示已经事先已经完成了动作(to have been done结构)The building to have been built
3、is our teaching building.二The build which has been built is our teaching building.E:表示从过去到现在一直都进行的动作(to have been doing结构)The person to have been watching TV in the room is my father.=The person who has been watching TV in the room is my father.【2】修饰表语的不定式A:(表示一种习惯上的泛指或经常反复发生动作)She is always the fir
4、st person to e and the last person to leave.B:表示一种已经完成动作He was the first person to arrive .二He was the first person who arrived.3修饰宾语的不定式A:(表示已将发生的动作且是主动)I have three letters to post this afternoon.(表示自己邮寄)B:(表示已将发生的动作且是被动)I have three letters to be posted this afternoon.(表示别人邮寄)C: He need something
5、 to eat.(表示自己吃)备注:关于修饰宾语的不定式有以下几种情况 (1)如果不定式为不及物动词需要带上相应介词He needs a pen to write withWe need to find a house to live in (2)如果修饰为time, way, place可D He can, t find a place to live (3)如果不定式为主动,那么不定式逻辑主语为句子主语She has two children to take care of.(主语自己照顾) (4)如果不定式为被动,那么不定式逻辑主语不是句子主语She has two children t
6、o be taken care of.(别人帮助主语照顾) 不定式作定语的用法:不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:I have some books for you to read.我有一些书给你看。We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我们有很多作业要做。He hasn t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有信守定期给父母写信的诺言。注意:a.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所 修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后须有相应的介词。例如:He i
7、s looking for a room to live in,他在找房子住。 There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担忧的。Please give me a knife to cut with.请给我一把刀用。但是,不定式所修饰的名词是time, place或way,不定式后的介词习惯上要省去。例如:He had no money and no place to live,他没有钱,也没有 房子住。b.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同.试比拟:Have you any
8、thing to send你有什么东西要寄吗(不走式 to send的动作执行者是you)Have you anything to be sent你有什么要(我或别人)寄的me东西吗(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的或 someone else) c.以下词语后常接不定式作定语:chance wish、right、courage、 need、 promise time、 opportunity、 way、 the first、 the second、 the last、 the only 等。He is always the first to e and the last t
9、o leave.他 总是第一个到,最后一个走。I have a lot of work to do.如何判断不定式作定语、宾补还是状语:.现在,许多网友和英语学习者,对这个问题有些模糊不清,我们有必要场我们有必要场土清一下。请比照以下三个句子:1. This is the key to open the front door.2. I expect my key to open that lock.3. He used his key to open the door.句1: to open the front door作定语。但有人认为它是目 的状语,这是错误的。从意思上看,“翻开前门”是修
10、饰“钥匙”的,毫无疑问作定语。语法上看它不可能修饰系动 词is,所以不是状语。一般说来,在表语后面的不定式都是 定语,不是状语。句2: open that lock是宾补,修饰my keyo因为key做了 谓语动词expect的宾语,而在逻辑上又跟不定式是主谓关 系,所以是宾语补足语。不定式作宾补是有条件的,在“动 词+宾语+不定式”结构中,必须具备上述要求才可以。除了 expect 外,类似的动词还有:ask, want, wish, order,tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require, let, have
11、, make, see, watch, notice, observe等。句3: to open the door是目的状语,不是宾补。这个句子 看起来与句2非常相似,但正是由于两个谓语动词的性质不 一样,才出现了两种不同的成分。在这个句子中,to open the door 是主语 He 发出的,his key 跟 to open the door 不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式是He used his key的目 的,所以它是目的状语。广义上的目的状语,不一定非要翻 译成”为了,只有在不定式前加了 in order或so as强调时,才突出目的。此外,不定式还可作结果状语(She hurr
12、ied to the station only to be told the train had gone.)或原因状语(I am delighted to receive your email.)o【特别说明】在英语中,状语是一个非常庞大的句子成分,其主要作用是 修饰动词的。其外延涉及“时间、地点、方式、频率,程 度、原因、目的、结果、比拟、条件和让步”等各个方面。 可以这样说,但凡修饰动词的句子成分就是状语。能充当状 语成分的有很多,但最典型的词类就是“副词”,难怪人们 称它是adverb 了 (add+verb:意味着“加强动词,修饰动词”。状语叫做adverbial,里面也含着adve
13、rb)不定式做补语、状语、定语的区别:在 I need some water to make tea.中,不定式 to make tea(泡茶)做目的状语,而不是定语或宾补。因为该动作由主 语“I”发出,而非water;在She needs some time to get over.中,不定式to get over (身体恢复)也是做目的状语, 而不是定语或宾补。因为该动作也是由主语“She”发出, 而非time;两个例句中,都是动词不定式做目的状语,没有做 宾补或定语的情况。名词之后的动词不定式,有可能作三种句子成分:定语、宾 补、状语。那么,怎样区分不定式作定语、宾补或状语呢有 的网友对
14、这个问题可能模糊不清。关键问题要看:不定式所 表达的动作与句子主语的逻辑关系,以及与之前名词的逻辑 关系。请比照以下三个句子:1. This is the key to open the front door.2. I expect the key to open the front door.3. He used the key to open the front door.句1: to open the front door作定语,the key是其逻辑主 语。从意思上看,“翻开前门”是“钥匙”自身的行为,是 一种主谓关系,毫无疑问作定语。但有人认为它是目的状 语,这显然是错误的,因为状语
15、是修饰谓语动词的,它不可能修饰系动词is。一般说来,在表语后面的不定式都是定 语,不是状语。句2: open the front door是宾补,补充说明the key,所 以the key是其逻辑主语。因为key是谓语动词expect的宾 语,而跟不定式是主谓关系,所以叫做宾语补足语。不定式 作宾补是有条件的,在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,必须 具备上述要求才可以。除了 expect外,类似的动词还有: ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require, let, h
16、ave, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等。句3: to open the front door才是目的状语,其逻辑主语 就是句子的主语。这个句子看起来与句2非常相似,但正是 由于两个谓语动词的性质不一样,才出现了两种不同的成 分。在这个句子中,to open the front door是主语He发出 的,the key跟to open the front door不存在逻辑上的主 谓关系,不定式是He used the key的目的,所以它是目的 状语。广义上的目的状语,不一定非要翻译成“为了”,只有在不定式前加了 in order或so as强调时,
17、才突出目的。刚才讨论的是,怎样区分不定式作定语、宾补、状语以及逻 辑主语的问题。下面分析一下,不定式作定语时跟逻辑主语 的关系。(1) Mary was the first girl to work out the problem.(2) John said he had an important meeting to attend.(3) Reading, I think, is the best way to learn English.以上三句,虽然都是不定式作定语,但之间的关系却不尽相 同。第一句 the first girl 和 to work out the problem 是主 谓关系” O第二句attend作了 meeting的定语,它们是动宾关系。第三句the best way和to learn English是一种“所属关 系”。这类名词常见的还有:way, plan, chance, decision, effort, opportunity, ability, idea, feeling, right, reason, promise, wish, hope, time, wish 等。
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