什么是云计算What-is-Cloud-Computing.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,The iSchool,University of Maryland,Cloud Computing Lecture#1,What is Cloud Computing?,(and an intro to parallel/distributed processing),Jimmy Lin,The iSchool,University of Maryland,Wednesday,September 3,2008,This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United StatesSee creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/for details,Some material adapted from slides by Christophe Bisciglia,Aaron Kimball,&Sierra Michels-Slettvet,Google Distributed Computing Seminar,2007(licensed under Creation Commons Attribution 3.0 License),1,Source:www.free-pictures-is Cloud Computing?,Web-scale problems,Large data centers,Different models of computing,Highly-interactive Web applications,1.Web-Scale Problems,Characteristics:,Definitely data-intensive,May also be processing intensive,Examples:,Crawling,indexing,searching,mining the Web,“Post-genomics”life sciences research,Other scientific data(physics,astronomers,etc.),Sensor networks,Web 2.0 applications,How much data?,Wayback Machine has 2 PB+20 TB/month(2006),Google processes 20 PB a day(2008),all words ever spoken by human beings”5 EB,NOAA has 1 PB climate data(2007),CERNs LHC will generate 15 PB a year(2008),640K,ought to be enough for anybody.,Maximilien Brice,CERN,Maximilien Brice,CERN,Theres nothing like more data!,s/inspiration/data/g;,(Banko and Brill,ACL 2001),(Brants et al.,EMNLP 2007),What to do with more data?,Answering factoid questions,Pattern matching on the Web,Works amazingly well,Learning relations,Start with seed instances,Search for patterns on the Web,Using patterns to find more instances,Who shot Abraham Lincoln?,X,shot Abraham Lincoln,Birthday-of(Mozart,1756),Birthday-of(Einstein,1879),Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart(1756-1791),Einstein was born in 1879,PERSON,(,DATE,PERSON,was born in,DATE,(Brill et al.,TREC 2001;Lin,ACM TOIS 2007),(Agichtein and Gravano,DL 2000;Ravichandran and Hovy,ACL 2002;),2.Large Data Centers,Web-scale problems?Throw more machines at it!,Clear trend:centralization of computing resources in large data centers,Necessary ingredients:fiber,juice,and space,What do Oregon,Iceland,and abandoned mines have in common?,Important Issues:,Redundancy,Efficiency,Utilization,Management,Source:Harpers(Feb,2008),Maximilien Brice,CERN,Key Technology:Virtualization,Hardware,Operating System,App,App,App,Traditional Stack,Hardware,OS,App,App,App,Hypervisor,OS,OS,Virtualized Stack,3.Different Computing Models,Utility computing,Why buy machines when you can rent cycles?,Examples:Amazons EC2,GoGrid,AppNexus,Platform as a Service(PaaS),Give me nice API and take care of the implementation,Example:Google App Engine,Software as a Service(SaaS),Just run it for me!,Example:Gmail,“Why do it yourself if you can pay someone to do it for you?”,4.Web Applications,A mistake on top of a hack built on sand held together by duct tape?,What is the nature of software applications?,From the desktop to the browser,SaaS=Web-based applications,Examples:Google Maps,Facebook,How do we deliver highly-interactive Web-based applications?,AJAX(asynchronous JavaScript and XML),For better,or for worse,What is the course about?,MapReduce:the“back-end”of cloud computing,Batch-oriented processing of large datasets,Ajax:the“front-end”of cloud computing,Highly-interactive Web-based applications,Computing“in the clouds”,Amazons EC2/S3 as an example of utility computing,Amazon Web Services,Elastic Compute Cloud(EC2),Rent computing resources by the hour,Basic unit of accounting=instance-hour,Additional costs for bandwidth,Simple Storage Service(S3),Persistent storage,Charge by the GB/month,Additional costs for bandwidth,Youll be using EC2/S3 for course assignments!,This course is not for you,If youre not genuinely interested in the topic,If youre not ready to do a lot of programming,If youre not open to thinking about computing in new ways,If you cant cope with uncertainly,unpredictability,poor documentation,and immature software,If you cant put in the time,Otherwise,this will be a richly rewarding course!,Source:Computing Zen,Dont get frustrated(take a deep breath),This is bleeding edge technology,Those W$*#TF!moments,Be patient,This is the second first time Ive taught this course,Be flexible,There will be unanticipated issues along the way,Be constructive,Tell me how I can make everyones experience better,Source:Wikipedia,Source:Wikipedia,Source:Wikipedia,Source:Wikipedia,Things to go over,Course schedule,Assignments and deliverables,Amazon EC2/S3,Web-Scale Problems?,Dont hold your breath:,Biocomputing,Nanocomputing,Quantum computing,It all boils down to,Divide-and-conquer,Throwing more hardware at the problem,Simple to understand a lifetime to master,Divide and Conquer,“Work”,w,1,w,2,w,3,r,1,r,2,r,3,“Result”,“worker”,“worker”,“worker”,Partition,Combine,Different Workers,Different threads in the same core,Different cores in the same CPU,Different CPUs in a multi-processor system,Different machines in a distributed system,Choices,Choices,Choices,Commodity vs.“exotic”hardware,Number of machines vs.processor vs.cores,Bandwidth of memory vs.disk work,Different programming models,Flynns Taxonomy,Instructions,Single(SI),Multiple(MI),Data,Multiple(MD),SISD,Single-threaded process,MISD,Pipeline architecture,SIMD,Vector Processing,MIMD,Multi-threaded Programming,Single(SD),SISD,D,D,D,D,D,D,D,Processor,Instructions,SIMD,D,0,Processor,Instructions,D,0,D,0,D,0,D,0,D,0,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,1,D,2,D,3,D,4,D,n,D,0,MIMD,D,D,D,D,D,D,D,ProcessorInstructions,D,D,D,D,D,D,D,Processor,Instructions,Memory Typology:Shared,Memory,Processor,Processor,Processor,Processor,Memory Typology:Distributed,Memory,Processor,Memory,Processor,Memory,Processor,Memory,Processor,Network,Memory Typology:Hybrid,Memory,Processor,Network,Processor,Memory,Processor,Processor,Memory,Processor,Processor,Memory,Processor,Processor,Parallelization Problems,How do we assign work units to workers?,What if we have more work units than workers?,What if workers need to share partial results?,How do we aggregate partial results?,How do we know all the workers have finished?,What if workers die?,What is the common theme of all of these problems?,General Theme?,Parallelization problems arise from:,Communication between workers,Access to shared resources(e.g.,data),Thus,we need a synchronization system!,This is tricky:,Finding bugs is hard,Solving bugs is even harderManaging Multiple Workers,Difficult because,(Often)dont know the order in which workers run,(Often)dont know where the workers are running,(Often)dont know when workers interrupt each other,Thus,we need:,Semaphores(lock,unlock),Conditional variables(wait,notify,broadcast),Barriers,Still,lots of problems:,Deadlock,livelock,race conditions,.,Moral of the story:be careful!,Even trickier if the workers are on different machines,Patterns for Parallelism,Parallel computing has been around for decades,Here are some“design patterns”,Master/Slaves,slaves,master,Producer/Consumer Flow,C,P,P,P,C,C,C,P,PP,C,C,Work Queues,C,P,P,P,C,C,shared queue,W,W,W,W,W,Rubber Meets Road,From patterns to implementation:,pthreads,OpenMP for multi-threaded programming,MPI for clustering computing,The reality:,Lots of one-off solutions,custom code,Write you own dedicated library,then program with it,Burden on the programmer to explicitly manage everything,MapReduce to the rescue!,(for next time),