1、英语语法代词与数词代词一.概说定义 :代词(pronoun)是代替名词的词:1.1代词在句子中的功用1)和名词一样,可作主语、宾语和表语。b)有些代词和形容词一样,可作定语。如: I am reading The Arabian Nights.我在读天方夜谭。(作主语)This is John Smith speaking.(打电话用语)我是约翰史密斯。(作主语)Can I help you?我能帮你的忙吗?(作宾语)Thats all.我的话完了。(作表语)2)His father is an eye-doctor.他父亲是个眼科医生。(作定语)All men are equal.所有的人都
2、是平等的。(作定语)3)格的变化 有些代词有格的变化,如 I 我(主格),me我(宾格),Who谁(主格),whom谁(宾格)。某些代词有所有格,如whose谁的,others别人的,somebodys某人的,ones一个人的。4)单复数形式 有些代词有单数和复数形式。少数代词的复数形式和名词的复数形式的变化规则相同,如one-ones,other-others。其他如人称代词、物主代词、自身代词和指示代词等,其复数形式与此不同,须个别记忆。5)有或没有冠词 代词之前一般不用冠词,只有少数例外。如:the other,the others,a few,a little等。种类1.2英语有下列几
3、种代词:1)人称代词(personal pronoun)a)主格:I,he,she,it,we,you,they.b)宾格:me,him,her,it,us,you,them.2)物主代词(possessive pronoun):a)形容词性物主代词:my,his,her,its;our,your,their.b)名词性物主代词:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs.3)自身代词(self-pronoun):myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,onesel
4、f.4)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun):each other,one another.5)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun):this,that,these,those,such,same.6)疑问代词(interrogative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,what.7)关系代词(relative pronoun):who,whom,whose,which,that.8)不定代词(indefinite pronoun):some,something,somebody,someone,any,anything,anybody
5、,anyone,no,nothing,nobody,no one,every,everything,everybody,everyone,each,much,many,little,a little,few,a few,other,another,all,none,one,both,either,neither.二.人称代词概说表示我,、你、他、我们、你们、他们等的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词的用法1)人称代词主格的用法a)作主语I am a cook.(炊事员) We are cooks,You are a teacher.(教师) You are teachers.He is a barbe
6、r.(理发员) The yare barbers.She is a nurse.(护士)The yare nurses.It is a cart.(大车) They are carts.b)作表语Its I .是我。 Oh,its you. 噢,是你。注一第一人称单数人称代词I (我)永远要大写。(见上面例句)注二口语习惯上不说its I (he, she等),而说Its me (him,her等)。2)人称代词宾格的用法a)作及物动词的宾语The dog bit him.那只狗咬了他。Our P. T. teacher taught us to swim yesterday.我们的体育老师昨
7、天教我们游泳。This is my new hat. Do you like it ?这是我的新帽子,你喜欢吗?b)作介词的宾语My brother often writes tome.我弟弟常给我写信。They took good care of us.他们无微不至地照料我们。3) 人称代词的其他用法 各人称代词除按照自身的人称、数和格使用外,还有下列一些特殊用法:a)报刊的编辑和文章的作者,在发表观点时,常用we代替I (同样用our代替my)。如:We believe that China will make still greater progress in shipbuilding.
8、我们相信中国的造船业将会有更大的发展。In our opinion this is the best film of the year.我们认为这是今年最好的影片。b)用she来代替国家、城市、船舶、飞机以及动物等,以表示亲切和爱抚。如:Thats the picture of the Dongfeng; she is a 10,000 - ton class ocean - going freighter.那是万吨远洋货轮东风号的照片。The dog waved his tail when he saw his master.那狗看见主人就摇尾巴。c)北有时可用来代替小孩(child)和婴儿
9、(baby)。如:The child smiled when it saw its mother.小孩见到母亲就笑了。d) they可用来代替一般的人,特别在they say中。如:They say theres going to be another good harvest this year.人们说今年又是个丰收年。三.物主代词概说表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词的用法1)形容词性物主代词用作定语I love my work in the hospital.我喜欢我在医院的工作。How many students are there in his (her)
10、class?他(她)班上有多少学生?There are many good teachers in our school.我们学校有许多好老师。I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains.我上星期六看了一个电影,名叫平原游击队。2)名词性物主代词用作主语、宾语和表语a)用作主语:Our room is on the first floor, and theirs is on the second 我们的房间在一层,他们的在二层。Ours is a socialist country.我们的国家是社会主义
11、国家。b)用作宾语:I didnt borrow her dictionary. I borrowed his.我没有借她的字典,我借的是他的。c)用作表语:Whose pencil is this?It is hers.这是谁的铅笔?-是她的。These tools are ours.这些工具是我们的。注of+名词性物主代词和2.12的of+名词所有格的用法完全一样。如:a friend of mine我的一个朋友(表示部分观念,意即我有不少朋友,他(她)是其中之一)this lovely child of yours你的这个可爱的孩子(有感情色彩)四.自身代词概说表示反射(指一个动作回射到
12、该动作执行者本身)或强调(即用来加强名词或代词的语气)的代词叫做自身代词。自身代词的用法1)在句中作宾语,表示动作回到动作执行者的本身。如:Please help yourself to some lea.请自己用茶。(作help的宾语)The girl is too young to look after herself.这女孩太小,还不能照顾自己。(作look after的宾语)He was always ready to help others; he never thought of himself他总是帮助别人,从不想到自己。(作thought of的宾语)2)在句中作名词或代词的同
13、位语,用来加强名词或代词的语气,作亲自、本人解。它在句中可置于名词、代词之后,也可置于句子末尾。如:You yourself said so.你自己是这样说的。The desk itself is not so heavy.书桌本身并不重。I fixed the window myself.这窗户是我自己装的。五.相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词的用法1)作宾语。如:Do you often see one another?你们彼此常见面吗?New and old students learn from each other.新老同学相互学习。.John and Tom hel
14、ped each other.约翰和汤姆相互帮助。2)作定语时须用所有格。如:We are interested in one anothers work.我们关心彼此的工作。The students corrected each others mistakes in their homework.学生相互改作业中的错误。Students cut each others hair.同学们相互理发。3)each和other有时可分开用。如:Each tried to persuade the other to stay at home.两个人都彼此劝说对方留在家里。六.指示代词概说表示这个、那个
15、、这些、那些等指示概念的代词叫做指示代词。指示代词有:this这个,that那个,these这些,those那些,it那个,这个,Such如此的,如此的事物,same同样的,同样的事物。指示代词this,these,that,those在句中的功用指示代词this,these,that,those在句中的用法相当于名词和形容词,可用作主语、表语、宾语和定语。如:This is a plane,这是一架飞机。(作主语)Oh,its not that.噢,问题不在那儿。(作表语)How do you like these?你喜欢这些吗?(作宾语)This book is about Chinese
16、 traditional medicine.这是一本关于中医的书。(作定语)指示代词this,these,that, those的其它用法1)This (these)常用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物,that(those)则常用来指时间或空间上较远的事物。如:This is a sickle and that is an axe.这是一把镰刀,那是一把斧子。These days are cold.这些天很冷。In those days the poor people had a hard time.在那些日子里,穷人生活很苦。2)有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物,this和these
17、则指下面将要讲到的事物。如:I had a bad cold. Thats why I didnt come.我伤风很厉害,所以我没有来。Those two statements are not true.那两种说法是不真实的。What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning English.我所要说的是:语音在英语学习中非常重要。chairman Mao honoured Lin Hulan with these words:A great life A glorious death毛主席用下面的话表
18、彰刘胡兰:生的伟大,死的光荣。3)有时为了避免重复提到过的名词,常可用that或those代替。如:The climate of shenyang is just as good as that of Beijing. 沈阳的气候跟北京的一样好。(that代替climate)The countys grain output of 1981 was double that of 1970.这个县1987年的粮食产量比1980年增加一倍。(that代替grain output)Television sets made in Nanjing are just as good as those mad
19、e in Shanghai.南京出产的电视机和上海的一样好。(those代替television sets)4)This和that有时作状语用,表示程度,意谓这么和那么。如:The book is about this thick.那本书大约有这么厚。I dont want that much.我不要那么多。It指人时亦用作指示代词。指示代词it在汉语中不必译出。如:Who is it?its me.是谁?-是我。Oh, its you,Lao Wang.哦,是你呀,老王。Such和same也是指示代词,其单、复数的形式相同。它们在句中可用作:1)定语The foreign Visitors
20、said they had never seen such a beautiful city before.外宾说他们从来没有看过这样美丽的城市。We are not talking about the same thing.我们谈的不是一回事。注 such作定语时,它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词,这个不定冠词应放在Such之后,如上面第一例。2)相当于名词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等成分。Such were his words.这就是他讲的话。(作主语)The same can be said of the Other article.另一篇文章也是同样情况。(作主语)Take from
21、the drawer such as you need.你需要什么,就从抽屉里拿吧。(作宾语)His name and mine are the same.他和我同名。(作表语)注注意在same之前一般须用定冠词the。七.疑问代词概说疑问代词有who(谁,主格),whom(谁,宾格),whose(谁的,所有格),what(什么)和which(哪个,哪些)等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中疑问代词一般都放在句首,并在句中作为某一句子成分。如:Who is going to speak to us tomorrow?明天谁来跟我们讲话?(who作主语)Who told you so?是谁告诉你的?(w
22、ho作主语)Whom are you talking about ?你们在说谁?(whom作宾语,但在句首时口语常用who代替whom)Whose umbrella is this ?这是谁的伞?(whose作定语)What is that? 那是什么?(what作表语)What did he say?他说什么?(what作宾语)Which is yours,the blue pen or the redone?蓝笔和红笔哪一支是你的?(which作主语)注一疑问代词who,what,which等后面加单词ever,可强调语气,表达说话人的各种感情。如:What ever do you wan
23、t?你到底想要什么?Who ever is she looking for ?她究竟是在找谁?注二which表示在一定范围之内的选择,what则没有这种限制。如:What do you usually have for lunch?你们午饭通常吃些什么?Which do you like best?你最喜欢哪一个?Which of you comrades come from the Northeast? 你们同志们中间谁是东北人?疑问代词可以引导一个间接疑问句间接疑问句在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语等。疑问代词本身在间接疑问句中又担任一定的句子成分。如:Who will be in charg
24、e of the work is still not decided.谁将负责这项工作,现在还没有决定。(疑问代词who引导一个主语从句,它本身又在从句中用作主语。)Do you know what his name is?你知道他叫什么名字吗?(疑问代词what引导一个宾语从句,而它本身又在从句中用作表语。)注一 what所引导的名词性从句(即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句) 有时不是间接疑问句。如:What he says is quite true.他所讲的话很对。(what相当于that which。它引导一个主语从句,这个从句不是间接疑问句。)Children do what the
25、nurse tells them to do.保育员让孩子干什么他们就做什么。(what引导一个宾语从句,这个从句也不是间接疑问句。)注二 whatever,whoever,whichever等词可引导名词性从句。这些名词性从句也不是间接疑问句。whatever,whoever,whichever也可引导表示让步的状语从句。如:They eat whatever they can find.他们找到什么就吃什么。(whatever引导一个宾语从句,并在从句中作宾语。)Ive got plenty of books 1eft.Whoever wants an extra copy can get
26、 one from me.我还剩下许多书,谁还想再要一本可来拿。(whoever引导一个主语从句,并在从句中作主语。)八.关系代词两种可用来引导从句并将从句和主句连接起来的代词这样的代词一方面在从句中用作句子成分,可作主语、宾语、定语等;另一方面又起连词的作用。这样的代词有关系代词和疑问代词两种。(关于疑问代词,见4.18)关系代词概说关系代词有who,whose,whom,that,which等,用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语或表语;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(这样的名词和代词叫做先行词)。如:The man who is talkin
27、g with Mr. Brown is an eye Specialist和布朗先生谈话的那个人是个眼科大夫。(关系代词who在从句中用作土语,它的先行词是man)He is the comrade whom you have been looking for他就是你要找的那位同志。(关系代词whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是comrade,whom在口语中一般可省去)The old man whose son is in the navy used to be carpenter.儿子在海军的那位老人过去是个木匠。(关系代词whose在从句中用作定语,先行词为man)The film wh
28、ich I saw last night is about a young teacher.我昨晚看的那部电影说的是一个年轻教师的事。(关系代词which在从句中用作宾语,先行词为film, which在口语中可省略)This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.这是下午要飞往东京的飞机。(关系代词that在从句中用作主语,先行词为plane)九.不定代词概说不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词有:some 一些(可数或不可数)somebody 某人someone 某人something某物,某事
29、any一些,任何(可数或不可数)anybody任何人anyone任何人anything任何事物no 无(可数或不可数)nobody无人no one无一人nothing无物all全体,全部both两个neither没有人或物(指两个当中)none没有人或物(指两个以上)either任何一个(指两个当中)each每个every每个everybody每人,大家,人人everyone每人everything每一个事物,一切other (s)另一个(些)another另外一个,又一个much很多(不可数)many很多(可数)few很少(可数)a few一些,几个(可数)little很少(不可数)a li
30、ttle一些(不可数)one一个(人或物)十.不定代词的用法不定代词大都可代替名词和形容词,在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语和定语。如:1)用作主语Both of them are waiters.他们俩人都是男侍者。Is everybody here?人都到了吗?2)用作宾语I know little about the novel关于这本小说我知道的很少。I am speaking for myself,not for others.我只代表自己,不代表别人发言。I was interested in everything that the old man told me.我对于这位老人告诉我
31、的一切都感兴趣。3)用作表语Thats all for today. class is dismissed.今天就讲这一些。现在下课。This book is too much for me.这本书对我说太难了。4)用作定语Study well and make progress every day.好好学习,天天向上。He has some English books.他有一些英文书。china will become a powerful modern country in another twenty years.再过二十年中国将成为现代化强国。注有些不定代词也可用作同位语和状语。如:W
32、ang and Li both made good progress.王和李两人都有很大进步。(同位语)They all went to the Zoo.他们都去动物园了。(同位语)Are you any good at mathematics?你数学好吗?(状语)The meeting lasted some two hours.会议进行了两个小时左右。(状语)十一.复合不定代词由some,any,no,every加上-body,-one,-thing构成的不定代词,叫做复合不定代词。1)复合不定代词有a) somebody 某人 someone某人something某物,某事b) anyb
33、ody 任何人 anyone 任何人anything任何事物c) nobody 无一人no one无一人nothing 5nQWiN无一物d)everybody,everyone每人,大家,人人everything每一个事物,一切2)复合不定代词的用法a)复合不定代词只相当于名词,在句中用作主语、宾语和表语。如:Everything is made of elements.任何东西都是元素构成的。(作主语)I have got nothing to say.我没有什么话要说。(作宾语)something和anything的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句
34、、疑问句或条件状语从句中。如:Have you anything to say about this question? -No, I havent anything to say. (或I have nothing to say.)(或Yes, I have something to say.) 关于这个问题,你有什么话要讲吗?-我没有什么话要讲。(我有话要说。)She told them something about her work.她跟他们谈了一些关于她的工作上的事。(作宾语)b)复合不定代词被形容词所修饰时,形容词须放在它们的后面。如:There is nothing wrong
35、with the lathe.这个车床没有毛病。is there anything important in todays newspaper?今天报纸上有什么重要消息吗?I need somebody strong to help me.我需要一个体格强壮的人帮助我。 数词一.概说1.定义和特征1)表示多少和第几的词,叫做数词(numeral)。2)数词与不定代词相似,其用法或者相当于形容词,或者相当于名词。2.种类1)基数词 表示多少的词叫做基数词(cardinal numeral),如:one (一),twenty(二十),hundred(百)等。2)序数词 表示第几的词叫做序数词(or
36、dinal numeral),如:first (第一),twentieth (第二十),hundredth(第一百)等。二.基数词100以下的基本的墓数词 1 onewQn 11 eleveni5levn2 twotu: 12 twelvetwelv3 threeWri: 13 thirteen 5We:5ti:n4 fourfC: 14 fourteen5 five faiv 15 fifteen 5fif5ti:n6 sixsiks 16 sixteen7 seven 5sevn 17 seventeen8 eight eit 18 eighteen5ei5ti:n9 ninenain 1
37、9 nineteen10 tenten 20 twenty 5twenti21 twenty-one 5twenti5wQn 60 sixty30 thirty 5WE:ti 70 seventy40 forty 5fC:ti 80 eighty50 fifty5fifti 90 ninety说明:1)13-19皆以后缀-teen5ti:n结尾,它们都有两个重音。注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的发音和拼法。2) 20-90第十位数的整数均以后缀-tyti结尾。3)十位数和个位数之间须用连字号-。如:twenty-one(二十一),fifty-five(五十五),nine
38、ty-nine(九十九)等。 100以上的基本的基数词 100 hundred 5hQndrid1,000 thousand 5WauzEnd1,000,000 million 5niljEn百万100,000,000 hundred million 一亿1,000 million (=billion)十亿499 four hundred and ninety-nine(101-999如此构成)3,876 three thousand eight hundred and seventy-six (1001-9999皆如此构成)57,453 fifty-seven thousand four h
39、undred and fifty-three(10001-99999)皆如此构成)768, 921 seven hundred sixty-eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-one8,641, 457 eight million six hundred forty-one thousand four hundred and fifty-seven50, 000, 000 fifty million500, 000, 000 five hundred million5, 000, 000, 000 five thousand million(或five
40、 billion)50, 000, 000, 000 fifty thousand million (或fifty billion)说明:1)100和100以上的基数词须用hundred,thousand,million, billion等。2)十位数与百位数之间有and。但也有不用and的情况,如850可以读作eight hundred fifty。 三.基数词的用法基数词在句中可用作下列句子成分:1)主语Two plus nine is eleven.二加九等于十一。Four times six is twenty-four. 四乘六得二十四。Three of them went to c
41、ollege last year.他们当中去年有三人上大学了。(如说the three of them,意思则是他们三个人)2)宾语Give me two.给我两个。3)定语There are nineteen students in our class.我们班有十九个同学。My uncle bought two hand tractors recently.我叔叔最近买了两台手扶拖拉机。(注)hundred(百),thousand(千)和million(百万)作定语用时一律不用复数;作名词用(后面多跟of短语)时则用复数。如:Our country has a population of l
42、,200 million people.我国有十二亿人口。There are three thousand students in the university.这所大学有三千学生。Rice has been cultivated in the East for thousands of years.水稻在东方已经种植了几千年。Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.玉米是全世界千百万人最主要的粮食。 4)表语She is just fourteen.她刚十四岁。He was alrea
43、dy forty when he began to learn English他开始学英语时已经四十岁了。四.序数词199的基本的序数词序数词 缩写式 汉译first fE:st lst 第一second 5sekEnd 2nd 第 二third We:d 3rd 第三fouth fC:W 4th 第四fifthfifW 5th 第五sixthsiksW 6th 第六seventh5sevenW 7th 第七eightheitW 8th 第八ninthnainW 9th 第九tenthtenW 10th 第十eleventh 11th 第十一twelfthtwelfW 12th 第十二thir
44、teenth 13th 第十三nineteenth 19th 第十九twentieth 5twentiiW 20th 第二十fortieth 40th 第四十fifty-first 51st 第五十一sixty-second 62nd 第六十二eighty-third 83rd 第八十三ninety-fourth 94th 第九十四说明:1)英语序数词1-19除第一(first),第二(second),第三(third)有特殊形式外,其余均由基数词后加-th W构成。2)有几个序数词加 -th 时拼法不规则,它们是:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3)十位整数的序数词的构
45、成方法是:先将十位整数基数词的词尾 -ty 中的y变成i,然后加-ethiW。4)基数词几十几变成序数词时,仅将个位数变成序数词,十位数不变。如twenty-one变成twenty-first。5)序数词的缩写形式,由阿拉伯数码后加上序数词的最后两个字母构成。如:1st,2nd,3rd,4th,31st,82nd,93rd,94th等。五.序数词的用法序数词在句中可用作下列各个句子成分:1)主语The first is better than the second.第一个比第二个要好。2)宾语He was among the first to arrive.他是首批到达的。3)定语China
46、exploded its first atom bomb in October 1964.中国于1964年10月爆炸了第一颗原子弹。His father died in the Second World War.他父亲在第二次世界大战中死去。4)表语Jack is always the first to get to the office in the morning.杰克每天早晨总是第一个到办公室。注序数词前面常用定冠词the。 六.分数和小数的读法1)分数(fraction)分子为基数词,分母为序数词并有复数。12 one half hB:f; 13 one-third; 23 two-thirds;14 one-fourth或 one quarter 5kwC:tE; 34 three-fourths或 three quarters; 2 3/5 two andthree-fifths.2)小数(decimal)0.5 zero 5ziErEu point five; 1.25 one point two five; 3.458 three point four
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