油层物理学课件双语市公开课获奖课件省名师优质课赛课一等奖课件.ppt

本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,油层物理学,Physical Properties of Petroleum Reservoir,石油工程学院,油藏工程系,：,李爱芬,9月,1/47,李爱芬，山东安丘人；,85,年毕业于华东石油大学采油专业；,教授，博士，博士生导师。,主要研究领域：,油气渗流机理（低渗、缝洞），提升原油采收率机理，油气井出砂及防砂，储层敏感性评价，油藏流体及岩石物性研究。,教学讲讲课程：,本科生：油层物理,(,汉语、双语、试验,),；,硕士：渗流物理，气藏工程,(,双语,),油藏工程,(Reservoir Engineering1),等。,个人介绍,2/47,石油深埋在地下岩石孔隙中,:,前 言,石油是一个不可再生资源。油田开发好坏，很大程度上取决于对油藏认识程度。,3/47,1949,年，美国,M.Musket,出版“采油物理原理”,把以前关于,油藏岩石、流体物性,方面概念与研究结果系统化和理论化，使岩石、流体物性与,各类油藏,紧密结合起来。,1956,年，苏联,.,.,卡佳霍夫,撰著“油层物理基础”,该书是“油层物理”从采油工程中单独分科起点，随即得到了广泛而深入发展。,60,年代末，石油大学,洪世铎,在,卡佳霍夫,书本基础上，首次在国内编著,汉字版,“油层物理基础”,。从此油层物理在,国内,成为一门独立学科。,“油层物理”,起源：,最早研究内容与油藏工程混在一起。,4/47,Reservoir having,artesian water,(,露头水,).,油藏类型：,5/47,Reservoir having bottom water and,gas-cap,油藏类型：,6/47,Reservoir with pinchout boundary,(,岩性尖灭油藏）,7/47,高,89-3,高,89-4,高,89,高,89-5,高,89-1,高,89-8,8/47,油藏物理,石油地质、有机化学、化学原理,渗流力学 油藏工程,油藏数值模拟,采油工程我国老油田油田：多数已进入开发中后期，,含水高（很多,90%,）,，,但,采出程度低,（陆上,15,50,海上油田,C,16,:Solid (paraffin,石蜡,),Alkanes is the main components:,1.1 Chemical composition of petroleum,paraffinsa,(,石蜡,),18/47,Nonhydrocarbons(,非烃,),are compounds of oxygen,sulfur,nitrogen of alkanes(,是胶质、沥青质主要成份,),。,1.2 Commercial value of Petroleum,（商品性质）,:,Commercial value of a petroleum liquid are,specific gravity,viscosity,freezing point,(,凝固点,),asphalt,(,沥青,)content,sulfur content,（硫化物）,etc.,Although,the quantities of these nonhydrocarbons are very small,they,exert great influences,on some of the properties of petroleum,such as color,specific gravity,viscosity and interfacial tension.,19/47,When the reservoir is developed,the states,of the hydrocarbon depends upon(1)the composition of the hydrocarbon fluid,(2)the pressure and temperature.,2.Basic concepts in study of phase behavior,(1)System(,体系,):,a,amount of substances within given boundaries under specific conditions composed of a number of components.,(2)Phase(,相,),is any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a system.,There is a definite bounding surfaces between different phases.A phase can consist of several components.,20/47,(4)Composition(,组成,),is,the components and their relative quantities of a system.,(5)p-T,phase diagram(,相图,),is the diagram which shows the,conditions of temperature and pressure for which different,phases exist.,(3)Components(,组分,),is the substance which consist of the system.,such as the,methane,ethane,propane,butane,etc in the petroleum.,p-T diagram is the most often used one in petroleum industry,.,21/47,3.1 phase behavior of one component system,(1)The,Characteristic,of one component system,3.Phase Diagram of one-,two-,multi-component system,P,1,P,2,=P,d,=P,b,P,b,P,b,P,b,P,3,Dew point(,露点,),is,the point at which only a small drop of liquid exist,(or condensate).,22/47,Bubble point(,泡点,),is,the point at which the first few molecules leave the liquid and form a small bubble of gas.,Characteristic,：,bubble point(,泡点压力,),dew point(,露点压力,),。,23/47,(2),P-v diagram,of one component system,As temperature increases,the volume change from gas state to liquid state decreases.,At Tc the length of horizontal line becomes a point C.,If temperature T,c,the gas can not be liquefied.,Point C,is called critical point.,Pc,-,The critical pressure,T,c,-,The critical temperature,24/47,(3)P-T diagram,of one component system,(1)It,is a single linethe vapor pressure line,the locus of,bubble points,and,dew points,of the pure substance.,(2)The,critical point C is the highest pressure and highest temperature point at which gas and liquid can coexist.,At point C,all the intensive(,内在,)properties of gas and liquid phases,such as viscosity,density etc.become identical.,25/47,(3)The phase diagram is divided into the,gas region,liquid region,and the,two-phase region,.,liquid region,gas region,two-phase region,26/47,(4)With molecular increases the vapor pressure line move to the,right side,.,27/47,The use of phase diagram,：,to determine the phase behavior of the component at different P and T.,K:Initially entirely liquid,I:Bubble point,Gas,liquid coexist,P=C,I:Dew point,Gas,liquid coexist,P,P,G:Entirely in gas state,Example:Constant temperature process KIG:,28/47,3.2 Phase Behavior Of Two-Component Systems,(1),It is an envelope(,开口环形,),line,FC,-,bubble point line,line EC-,dew point line.,(2),The,region,bounded by P,b,line and P,d,line is the,two-phase region,.,Above and to the left of the bubble point line,the mixture exists as a,liquid,.,Below and to the right of the dew point line,the mixture exists as a,gas,.,(3)The critical point C,is the point at which the bubble point line and the dew point line,join,.,29/47,(1)The,phase envelope,for a mixture lie between the vapor pressure curves of the pure constituents.,Fig.1.1.6 P-T diagram for the ethane-n-heptane system.,(2)As the composition of the mixture becomes,more evenly distributed,between the constituents,the two-phase region increases in size.,P7,The characteristic of two phase diagram,30/47,(3)As one constituent(,组分,),becomes,more predominant,the phase envelope tends to shift to the vapor-pressure curve of the major pure component.,(4)The,critical temperature,Tc of the mixture lies between the critical temperatures of the two pure components.,P,c,is usually high then P,c,of the two components.,31/47,Locus of critical points,(,临界点轨迹线,),(5)a,larger difference in molecular size,of the components causes the mixtures to have very large critical pressures.,6)a small,difference in molecular size,of the components causes the small critical pressures.,32/47,测定原理：,3.3 Phase behavior of multi-component system,(,多组分相图,),33/47,The shape is an envelop.,(1)Characteristic,3.3 Phase behavior of multi-component system,(,多组分相图,),Fig.1.1.8 Phase diagram of a multi-,component system,C Critical point,；,KC-Bubble point curve,.,OC-Dew point curve.,34/47,Liquid region,-Above the bubble point line,；,Gas region-,Below and to the right of the dew point line,Two phase region-,-,The region bounded the bubble point line and dew point line,.,Dotted lines,-the iso vol lines(quality lines),-,等液量线,Liquid region,Gas region,Gas region,Two phase region-,35/47,Cricondenbar P,(,临界凝析压力）,the highest pressure on the saturation envelope.,Cricondentherm T,(,临界凝析温度,),the,highest temperature on the saturation envelope.,The shaded area-Retrograde region,where condensation or vaporization occurs in reverse to the conventional behavior.,-,isothermal,retrograde condensation,-,isobaric,retrograde condensation,36/47,(2)Retrograde Condensation(,反常凝析）,Point A,:entirely gas,Point B:,Upper dew point,Point D,:maximum amount of liquid,Point E,:,Lower dew point,Point F,:entirely gas,At normal condition,a decrease in pressure causes a change of phase from liquid to gas.But in,condensate gas reservoir,the process is exactly the reverse of normal one,hence call it,retrograde condensation,.,37/47,the hydrocarbon system exists as a single liquid.It is an,undersaturated oil reservoir未饱和油藏）,(3)The use of phase diagram of multi-component system,To determine classification of the hydrocarbon system,To determine the phase behavior during production period.,Example:point J,：,38/47,Point A,：,a condensate gas,The reservoir temperature lies between,the critical temperature,and,the cricondentherm,of the system.,The reservoir condition is usually above the shade zone.,Point I,：,the initial reservoir conditions on the bubble point curve,the oil is said to be saturated,（饱和油藏）,.,Gas cap may be exited in this situation.,Point F,：,Gas reservoir,；,39/47,4 Phase Diagrams of Several Typical Oil/Gas Reservoirs,Concepts:,(1)Low-shrinkage crude oil,is the,oil with a low shrinkage in volume,(2)high-shrinkage crude oil,is,the oil with a high shrinkage in volume,A crude oil contains a certain amount of lighter hydrocarbons.When it is produced to the surface,the lighter hydrocarbons evolve from the oil and form gas.This will result in a shrinkage in oil volume.The larger amount of lighter hydrocarbons contained in the oil,the large shrinkage will occur in the oil volume when it is produced to the surface.,40/47,4.1 The,low-shrinkage crude oil,The phase diagram covers a wide temperature range.,The iso-vol lines are near the dew point line.,Fig.1.1.10 low-shrinkage crude oil,Line l23-phase behavior in reservoir.,Sseparator condition,Characteristic:,contains large amounts of heavy constituents,the gas-oil ratio is small(0.876).The stock-tank oil is very dark.,41/47,Fig.1.1.11 high-shrinkage crude oil,4.2 The high-shrinkage crude oil,The area of the diagram is,smaller,.,Iso-vol lines are shifted upwards toward the bubble-point line.,-a small reduction in pressure below the bubble point 2,causes the release of a large amount of gas in the reservoir.,Line l23-phase behavior in reservoir.,Sseparator condition,contains more lighter hydrocarbons,higher producing gas-oil ratio(90,1500m,3,/m,3,),the specific gravity less than 0.78.The stock-tank oil is colored.,42/47,The phase diagram is smaller than that of oils,The reservoir temperature is higher than the critical temperature and lower than the cricondentherm.,4.3 Phase Diagram For Retrograde Gas,Fig.1.1.12 retrograde gas,Stock-tank liquid produced from retrograde gas reservoirs often is called condensate.The liquid can be lightly colored,43/47,4.4 Phase Diagram For Wet Gas,The area of phase diagram is small.,No liquid is formed in the reservoir,Separator conditions lie within the phase envelope.,Fig.1.1.13 wet gas,Stock-tank liquid-condensate.The liquid almost has no color,The type of reservoir is mainly determined by phase diagram.,44/47,4.5 Phase Diagram For Dry Gas,The mixture is solely gas in the reservoir.Separator conditions fall outside the phase envelope.,Fig.1.1.14 dry gas,No liquid is formed either in the reservoir or at the surface.,45/47,low-shrinkage crude oil,high-shrinkage crude oil,retrograde gas,wet gas,dry gas,46/47,From the,low-shrinkage crude,oil to the,dry gas,the phase diagrams have the following,characteristics:,(1),The critical points shift from right to left.,(2),The phase envelopes become smaller.The oils have a broader two-phase region than the gases.,(3),The iso-vols shift towards the bubble point lines.,Conclusion to,phase behavior,47/47,