选修6MODULE 1.doc

Module 1
Introduction
1.small talk 闲谈，聊天
u During the break ,girls like to get together and make small talk about dress , haircut and film stars .
u We don’t talk about anything important,it is just small talk .
big /tall talk 大话，（吹）牛皮
back talk 顶嘴
an empty talk 空谈
a heart- to- heart talk 谈心
2. sound like +n.听起来像……
It sounds like a good idea.
Listen ,her voice sounds like a beautiful song.
sound (link verb)+adj.听起来，听上去
How sweet the music sounds!
I don’t think the job is so difficult as it sounds.
Your story sounds interesting.
Your cough sounds better.(好些了).
Feel taste look small seem等用法与sound 相同。
3. informal adj.非正式的
an informal visit 一次非正式的访问
formal adj.正式的， 正规的，形式上的
常见否定前缀：in- dis- il- im- ir- mis- non- un-
4. friendly adj.友好的，亲切的
That’s not very friendly of you.
You can use the environmentally friendly washing powders.
be friendly with sb对某人友好
be friendly to sth 赞助某事
以-ly结尾的adj: lively—lovely—likely—fatherly—motherly—comradely—daily—
weekly—monthly—yearly-
5.We stood around making small talk.
现在分词做伴随状语
We had a good time at the party, singing and dancing.
6.occasion. n
social occasion 社交场合
(1).时刻，时候，场合
I had met Mary on many occasions.
There are some occasions when you must not refuse.
有时候你绝对不能拒绝。
(2).常作 (an occasion)时机，机会
This is not an occasion for laughter.
这可不是欢笑的时候
(3).特殊的条件
They have the date fixed for the big occasion.
他们已决定那个盛会的日期。
occasional adj.偶然的
on occasion 有时
7.serious adj .严肃的，严重的
be serious about 对……认真的/真诚的
He is serious about giving up smoking.
他真想戒烟。
Mary is more serious than Linda.
The mistake is not very serious.
★look serious 表情严肃
nothing serious 没有什么大不了的， 不严重的

Vocabulary and Reading
1. avoid vt.避免避开
avoid ﹢n/pron/v-ing
His job helped many people avoid accidents.
It must be avoided.
Why did you try to avoid replying?
It’s not very easy to avoid making mistakes.
2.confidently adv.自信地
The teacher encouraged every student to answer questions in class.
confident adj.自信的，肯定的，确信的
confidence n. 信心，信任
self-confidence 自信
3.make friends with sb.
4.lack (1)vt.缺少，缺乏
She lacks common sense.
The book lacked several pages.
(2)vi.lack in
You will not be lacking in support from me.
你会得到我的帮助。
lack for sth常用于否定句中 需要某物
They are so rich that they lack for nothing.
(3)n. 常与of连用“缺乏，需要”
There is no lack of vegetables.
The project failed due to lack of money.
5． be nervous about 对……神经紧张
Nobody knows what she is nervous about.
I don’t think he will nervous about driving again on that highway .He is bold enough.
6．It helps if you do a little advance planning.
①It will be pity if you have to leave our company.
②advance [adj.]预先的，在前的
Please give us advance warning of many changes to the schedule.(请预先通知我们)
He sent me an advance copy (新样本)of his novel.
in advance 预先，事先
advanced　［adj.］高等的，高深的，先进的
advanced　studies　高深的研究
have　advanced　ideas　有先进的思想
③do　planning　做计划，准备　
do　advance　planning　预先计划下，预先准备一下
７．prepare　准备。　　（制作，配制：　　～　a　medicine　　　～　a　drink）
vt.①～　sth　准备某事　Have you prepared your lessons well ,May?
②prepare sb sth (=prepare sth for sb)为某人准备某事
Mother is preparing me a meal.
③～sb to do sth =～ sb for sth 为某人做某事做准备
The teacher is preparing his students to do the experiment.
④ ～　sth　for　sth　为某事做准备
Mother is preparing　a table for dinner.
Vi.① ～　to　do　sth　准备做某事
He is preparing to go on a trip.
②～for　sth　（＝get ready for sth ）为……做准备
Ｔhe students are preparing for the exam .
③～ against 准备对付，应付……（不愉快的事）
History tells us to prepare against wars.历史告诉我们要备战。
Be prepared 做好准备　　强调已准备好的状态
prepare 强调准备的过程
They are prepared for the talk.
John is prepared to listen to all different opinions.
The pelple of the country are prepared aginst any aggression.
8.think of
① 想起，回忆起
The film made me think of my hometown.
②考虑，想到（某人或某事）＝think about
What are you thinking of ?
拓：be highly thought of 对……评价甚高
think of ……as　把……看作……，认为……是……
think nothing of sth 轻视，看不起
９.that way 是in that way 的省略，意为“那样的话”，在句中做状语，
Ｔhat way ,you’ll finish the work on time.
The way,we should hurry up.
△ this way 常用于指路：This way ,please! 请这边走。
10.impress vt.给……留下深刻的印象
My father impressed _________me the importance of work.
=My father impressed me ________ the importance of work.
I was deeply impressed by /at/ with his speech .
impression n.印象，感觉
impressive adj.给人深刻印象的
give an impression of 给予……的感觉
make/give /leave /have a good impression on sb.给某人留一个好印象
11.look away from 把目光从……移开
When you are talking to others, you should’t look away from the person you are talking to.
12. in addition =besids/what’s more 此外，另外
副词性短语做状语可放在句首，句中，句末。在句首，句中一般用逗号隔开。
There is ,in addition , one further point to make.
In addition ,the bus service will run on Sunday every two hours.
In addition to除……之外，介词短语
In addition to English,I have to study a second foreign language.
13. a certain某一，某种，表示已知但未说明的人和物，可修饰单复数名词 或人名。
A certain Mr Smith is asking to see you .
The soup has a certain taste Can you tell me what it is?
some表示未知而非特定的事物，或者是有时知道而未特别指出的事物。
Ask some girl to come here.
14.opportunity 机会，机遇
Iwill take this opportunity to thank you for your support.
Chance机会，强调其偶然性
Opportunity机会，机遇，带有适逢其时，正好便于行事之意.
Function
1. obligation n.责任，义务
She didn’t feel under any obligation to tell him the truth.
be under an obligation 受人恩惠，负有义务
fulfil one’s obligation 履行责任/义务
Reading and listening
1.application [u.c]申请 apply 适用，申请。 applicant ，申请人，请求者
I made an application to him for help.我向他请求帮助。
He sent in his application to the lffice.他向办公室递交了申请。
an application form 申请表 make an application for 申请
application for employment 求职申请

Grammer
1.refund n.退款
I returned the useless radio to the shop and got a _________.
我把那台无用的收音机退还给了商店并要回了退款。
fund n.存款 ，资金
refund 是由“re—(=back)+fund”构成
replace 重新放回recall 回忆review 回顾
2 .tidy vt. 使……整洁；整理
He tidies the books and papers on the table.
Have you tidied up yet,kids?
孩子们，收拾好了吗？
tidy away 收起（某物），放好 tidy up 收拾，整理 tidy[adj.]整洁的，整齐的

Reading and Writing
1.favour n.惠顾，照顾，赞同，偏袒
May I ask you a favour?
你能帮我一个忙吗？
I hate asking favours of people.（我不愿意求人）
We would think it a great favour if you would reply at once.
如果你能立即回复，我们将感激不尽。
比较以下两个句子：
1．Can you do me a favour?你能帮我一个忙吗？
2．Can you do me the favour to turn off the radio?
你能帮忙把收音机关掉吗？

find/lose favour in sb’s eyes 得/失宠于某人
in/out of one’s favour 得到/得不到某人的好感
in favour of 赞成，支持
in sb’s favour 对某人有利
The decision went in his favour.这一判决对他有利。
2．I wonder if you would be kind enough to answer these questions.
(1)be kind enough to do 是一种比较客气的请求别人帮忙的表达方式，也可写作：so kind as to do ,例如：
Would you be kind enough to help me with the box?
你能帮我搬一下这个盒子吗？
Would you be so kind as to pass the note to Mary?
你能把这个便条递给玛丽吗？
Reading and Vocabulary
1. outspoken adj.直言不讳的，坦率的，不客气的
Be outspoken in the expression of your opinions.
请坦率地发表您的意见。
Tom is outspoken in his remarks.汤母说话不客气。
speak out 讲出来
outspeak. V 坦率地讲
“ out +过去分词/现在分词”构成合成词是一种常见的构词形式
spread out →outspread 伸开的，展开的
wear out→ outworn 用旧的，穿坏的，筋疲力尽的
cast out→ outcast 被遗弃的，被逐出的
go out →outgoing 往外去的，爽直的，友好的
lie out →outlying 远离中心（或主体）的，离题的
stand out→ outstanding 杰出的，著名的
2．Esther Greenbaums major shortcoming was that she had a complete absence of small talk.
埃丝特·戈林鲍姆的主要缺点是她根本不会闲聊。
(1)shortcoming. n 缺点，短处
Not being punctual is his greatest shortcoming.
不守时间是他最大的缺点。
fault. n过错，故障，毛病
If you always try to find fault with orthers,it means that you have gained another shortcoming.
假如你过分地挑剔别人的缺点，那么，这就意味着你自己因此而多了一个缺点。
(2)absence名词，表示“缺乏，不存在，不在某处”，常用短语有：
absence from school/lecture 缺席/课 absence of mind 心不在焉，精神恍惚 in the absence of =in one’s absence（人）不在时，（物）不存在，缺少。
The absence of air and water makes it impossible to live on the moon.
因为没有空气和水。所以在月球上居住是不可能的。
I’m doing Mary ‘s job in her absence.
玛丽不在，我正在做她的工作。
absent adj.不在的，缺席的，缺少的
absent v.缺少，使缺席
absent-minded.心不在焉的
此句中that引导的是表语从句，表语从句在句中做表语，位于主句的系动词之后，表语从句是名词性从句的一种，常见的有以下几种：
⑴ 由that引导的表语从句
His suggestion is that we should try our best to help the poor.
⑵ 由连接代词that 或连接副词when ,where,why,how,whether等引导的表语从句。
The question is whether we will go.
问题是我们去还是不去
That’s why I look older than my age.
那就是我为什么看上去那么老的原因
⑶ 由连词as if/as though,because引导的表语从句。
Things were not as if /as though they had been before.
事情并不像以前那样。
She didn’t come yesterday,That’s because she was ill.
昨天她没来，那是因为她病了。
3.as a consequence(=as a result)因此，结果
I overslept,and as a consequence I was late for work.
我睡过了头，因而上班迟到了。
The tsunami海啸hit the coastline around the Indian ocean.As a consequence,thousands of people died and more became homeless.
Consequence指随之而发生的结果，后果
Result指最后的结果，与cause（原因）相对。
You must take the consequence of your carelessness.
The result was quite unexpected.结果是意想不到的。
4.systematic adj.非偶然的，有计划的，有条理的，有规律的
a systematic reformation有计划的改革
Her statement was very systematic.她的发言有条不紊。
a systematic way of living.有规律的生活
system n. 系统 the nervous system神经系统
5.It was no coincidence either that she wasn’t a very good salewoman.
她成不了一位优秀的推销员也就不是巧合了。
that 引导的主语从句。主语从句在句中做主语，它可以防在主句的谓语动词前面，但多数情况下用it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。
coincidence 做名词，意为为“巧合的事，（意见，爱好等的）一致，巧合”。句型：
It was no coincidence that…… 表示“……并非巧合”
What a coincidence!多么巧合啊！
It was quite a coincidence that she was on the same train.
她在同一班火车上真是一件巧合。
co-表示“一起” incid(ence)表示发生的事” conicid(ence)为“同时发生（的事）。”
coincidence的动词形式是 coincide vi.同时发生，相符，相一致，重叠，位置重合。
动词短语coincide with为……与……相符
A and B coincide
A coincide with B（A和B 相一致）。
6.due adj. (be) due to do sth预定，预期要做某事
His book is due to be published in October.
他的书预定在十月份出版。
due 做表语时，有“须立即支付，到”的意思。例如“
My rent isn’t due till Wednesday.我的租金星期三才到期。
短语 due to sb/sth 的意思是“由某人/物引起的。由于某人/某物”，例如：
The team ‘s success was largely due to her efforts.
该对的成功在很大程度上是由于她的努力。
7.cautious adj.谨慎的，慎重的，小心的
I’m very cautious about expressing my opinions in public.
每逢当众说话，我都慎于言辞。
be cautious about /of sb doing sth 提防某人，注意某事
cautious 比 careful 语气强，指十分小心，免得出危险或差错，带有地方意味：
He is cautious of telling secrets.≒He is cautious not to tell secrets.她小心提防泄密。
caution n. 小心，谨慎
8.cheer sb up 使某人高兴/振作起来
The news cheered him up.
Nothing can cheer me up.
9.go through通过；经历；仔细查看；（把金钱等）用完，耗尽。
He went through three wars.他经历了三次战争。
can the table go through the door?桌子能过得了那扇门吗？
相关连接：
go through.的不同含义：（1）用完，消耗掉（一定量的某物）
（2）（设法）做成或完成某事
（3）（帮助某人）考试测验等及格。
10.modest. adj.
She got the top mark in the exam but she was too modest to tell anyone.
她在考试中得到了最高分，但她太谦虚，没有告诉任何人。
Be modest about your achievements.
不要炫耀你的成就。
modesty n.谦虚，谦逊，朴素，适度
One loses by pride and gains by modesty.满招损，谦受益。
联想：honest adj.诚实的
honesty n.诚实
Everyday English
1. leave out遗漏，漏掉
You have left out an ‘m’in ‘communication”.
你在communication中漏掉了一个字母m。
leave sth out (of sth) 排除在外，忽略掉，不包括。例如：
leave me out of this quarrel,pleaseI don’t want to get involved.
请别把我拉入这场争吵中——我可不想牵连进去。
First ,decide what to leave out and what eo leave in.
首先，决定如何取舍。
cross out 删除，划掉
2. Wonderful,aren’t they?(They ‘re wonderful,aren’t they?)
他们棒极了，难道他们不是吗？
本句为简单句的省略。可省略的句子成分有：主语、谓语、或谓语的一部分、宾语、主语和谓语或主语和谓语的一部分等。
(It) looks like rain.好象要下雨
(Is) Anybody here? 这儿有人吗？
---Is Tom in? 汤姆在家吗？
---I don’t know (Whether he is in or not)我不知道
(Come) This way ,please.
Reading Practice
1.genuine adj. 纯粹的，真正的，真实的
There are only three genuine Chinese in the team.该队只有三名是名副其实的中国人。
Those aren't genuine diamonds—they ‘re pieces of glass!那并不是真钻石，它们只是玻璃片
genuine n. 真品
2.(be ) aware of 知道，意识到，对……知晓
也可用于(be) aware that + 从句中
We are quite aware of the importance of learning English.
我们对英语学习的重要性很清楚。
I’m very aware that very few jobs are available.我很清楚工作职位非常少。
I was not aware of my danger.==(I was not aware that I was in danger).我不知道自己处于危险中。
相关连接：be conscious of 与 be aware of 都可表示意识到
be conscious of 表示内心所意识到的感觉
be aware of 指感官上的知觉
One may be conscious of fear,but not altogether aware of the danger which is going on about one.人们可能会心感恐惧，但并不能全然察觉到周围将发生什么危险。
3. take the lead. 带头，领先
She took the lead in the second lap.她在第二圈时领先。
If we take the lead in this ,others may follow.如果我们在这方面带头行动，其余的人就会跟着来。
lead to sth 导致某种结果
lead sb to (do) sth 引导某人，影响某人的言行
This misprint led to great confusion.这个印刷错误导致了很大的混乱
Her constant lying led me to distrust everything she said.她总是撒谎，我完全不相信她的话了。
All roads lead to Rome.
4. do well to do sth
He would do well to concentrate more on his work .
他最好还是把更多的精力集中在工作上。
do well in 在某方面做（学）的好
5. show off 炫耀
She showed off her ring .她炫耀她的戒指。
Most small like to show off in front of visitors.
绝大多数小孩喜欢在客人面前炫耀自己
show one`s face 露面
show up 出席，到场
6. If you are ever in Minneapolis/San Diego/Poughkeepsie,do call by and see us !
如果你何时到明尼阿波利斯/圣地亚哥/波基普西，请务必到我家坐。
1）ever adv. 曾经，无论何时，
一般用于否定句，疑问句，条件状语从句，或特殊疑问句中，用来加强语气
Where ever have you been ?
as ever 仍旧，照常
ever since 自那时起一直到现在
for ever 永远，老是
2) 句中do为助动词，置于谓语动词前，起加强语气作用。在祈使句中用do强调时表示强烈的请求，而不是命令。有时可以使邀请的口气更热情、客气和友好。
Do remember to take an umbrella when you are out .
Do have another cup of tea .
3)call by 顺道访问（后常接at）
She called by at her friend`s on the way to the post office .
她在去邮局的途中顺道拜访了她的朋友
Call at a place 拜访某地
Call on somebody 拜访某人
Cultural Corner
1.It is estimated that 80% of all conversation in English is small talk
It 做形式主语,that引导主语从句
It is good news that our team is the school champion now.
2. imagine a situation where to strangers are talking to each other after they …
1) imagine v. 想象，猜测，想
imagine sth.
Imagine doing sth.
Imagine that
Can you imagine life without music ?
I didn`t imagine becoming a writer in my childhood.
I imagine (that)I have met you somewhere before .
2)where two strangers 是一个定语从句，等于in which
在这种情形下
You could get into a situation where you have to decide immediately.
拓展：case , point , situation 含义相近，用作先行词时，定语从句引导词用where
3 purpose 1) n.目的，意图
What is your purpose in doing this ?
2) vt. 企图做，打算做
They purpose to make/making a further attempt .
The government purposed that the project would be carried out before long.
on purpose 故意地
to the purpose 中肯的，合适的
with the purpose of 以……为目的，为了……
4．at this point 在这个时候
At this point , I don`t care what you decide to do.
At this point , we just have to wait .
on/at the point of 将近……的时候
reach the point 落到……的地步
at this point in time 到这种时刻
to the point of (doing) sth.达到某种程度，近乎，
to the point 简明恰当，简洁中肯
5．have …in common 与……有共同之处
John and I have nothing in common.
in common 共有的，共同的
in common with 与……相同
Task
1.circumstance n.(pl.) 情形,情况;条件,环境;状况
The circumstances forced me to accept.
环境迫使我不得不同意.
They live in poor circumstances.他们境况不好.
In/nuder the circumstances在这种情况下
In /under no circumstances决不;无论如何不
2.apologise