大三上学期英美概况第九讲Technology省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢您,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢您,英语国家概况,The United States of America,第1页,Chapter 12,Technology and Religious,第2页,Contents,Early Nineteenth Century,Late Nineteenth Century,Twentieth Century,第3页,Warming-up:,What is technology?(P174),第4页,1.Early 19,th,Century,Eli Whitney,cotton gin 1793;system of mass production of weapons,Eli Whitneys invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States.Prior to his invention,farming cotton required hundreds of man-hours to separate the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers.Simple seed-removing devices have been around for centuries,.,第5页,however,Eli Whitneys invention automated the seed separation process.His machine could generate up to fifty pounds of cleaned cotton daily,making cotton production profitable,for the southern states,第6页,John H.Hall,contributions to low cost of mass production in weapons and soon his system was deployed in the manufacture of mass consumption items,such as sewing machines,typewriters,and bicycles.,第7页,Cyrus H.McCormick,mechanical reaper,:changing American agriculture from subsistence farming towards a food marketing enterprise,Cyrus McCormicks Reaper,Developed in 1831,Encouraged the Settlement of the Midwest,第8页,Stevens family,contributions in the history of transportation in early nineteenth century America,esp.in the field of railway transportation:shape of tracks,bonding of track joint,firm setting of ties,protection from water erosion,proper banking of curves,第9页,Samuel F.B.Morse,*,telegraph第10页,Alexander Graham Bell,Alexander Graham Bell Invented the telephone.Information and messages could now be circulated at a faster pace over larger distances,第11页,Late Nineteenth Century,Thomas Alva Edison,*,Wizard of Menlo Park,:,electric light,division of electricity:developing parallel circuit as opposed to the series circuit,Edison patented 1,093 inventions,earning him the nickname The Wizard of Menlo Park.The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb.Besides the light bulb,第12页,He also improved,upon the original design of the stock ticker,the telegraph,and Alexander Graham Bells telephone.He believed in hard work,sometimes working twenty hours a day.Edison was quoted as saying,Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration,.In tribute to this important American,electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21,1931,a few days after his death.,第13页,Frederick Winslow Taylor,He was an American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas,broadly conceived,were highly influential in the Progressive Era.During the latter part of his career he was a management consultant,and he is sometimes called,The Father of Scientific Management,.,第14页,the founder,of the Ford Motor Company and father of the modern assembly line used in mass production.He was,a prolific inventor,and was awarded,161 U.S.patents,.As sole owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world.He left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation,but arranged for his family to control the company permanently,Henry Ford,(1863-1947),第15页,Reginald Fessenden,*,transmission of voice and music,Lee De Forest,*,vacuum tube:improving system of detection,David Sarnoff,*,profitable radio broadcasting system,automobile,refrigerator,freezer,home oil furnaces,automatic laundry machines,vacuum cleaners,electric dishwashers,microwave oven,electric blender,the food processor,television,nuclear energy,computers,transistor,semiconductor,chip,integrated circuit.,(P179),Next,III.Twentieth Century,第16页,Reginald Aubrey,Fessenden,(October 6,1866-July 22),was a Canadian-born inventor,best known for his work in early radio.Three of his most notable achievements include:the first audio transmission by radio(1900),the first two-way transatlantic radio transmission(1906),and the first radio broadcast of entertainment and music(1906).,The 128 meter(420 foot)tall Brant Rock radio tower.,第17页,Forest,(1873-1961)was an American inventor,with over 300 patents to his credit.De Forest invented the Audion,(,三极管,),a vacuum tube that takes relatively weak electrical signals and amplifies,(,增强,),them.De Forest is one of the fathers of the electronic age,as the Audion helped to usher in the widespread use of electronics.,He was involved in several patent lawsuits and he spent a fortune from his inventions on the legal bills.He had four marriages and several failed companies,he was defrauded,(,骗取，诈取；坑骗,),by business partners,and he was once indicted,(,控告，告发,),for mail fraud,(,舞弊,),but was later acquitted,*,.,*,acquit,宣判无罪,(opp.convict),Audion,from 1906,第18页,Sarnoff,(1891-1971)led the Radio Corporation of America(RCA)in various capacities shortly after its founding in 1919 to his retirement in 1970.Known as,the general,he ruled over an ever-growing radio and electronics empire that became one of the largest companies in the world.,第19页,Computer,:,Apple Computer(Steve Jobs,IBM(office machine company);,Microsoft(Bill Gates:DOS),Rocketry Tech,.,combustible(,可燃）,dry chemicals to liquid propellants,（推进剂）,:spaceflight,weapons such as missile;,nuclear energy(facilitate nuclear reactors to generate electricity),第20页,Characteristics of Modern Tech.,Individual wizards corporations government,第21页,Whats the positive sides and Negative sides of the development of technology and science?,an easier life for the home maker/free housewives from tedious work and much more time available.,large distance between the poor and the rich,womens routine work in kitchens,industrial public nuisance:thermal pollution,nuclear waste and radiation,etc.,第22页,Religion in the U.S,What is religion?,What is your attitude toward religion?,Man is by his constitution a religious animal.,-Edmund Burke(1792-1797)british politician,第23页,Its our feeling that religion can be most characteristically described as the inner experience of the individual when he senses a Beyond,especially as evidence by the effect of this experience on his behavior when he actively attempts to harmonize his life with the Beyond-,Walter Houston Clark,a belief in the life of the spirit and usually in one or more gods.-,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,.,beliefs and actions related to supernatural beings and forces-,definition on line,第24页,Major religions in the world,Christianity(Catholic,Protestant,Eastern Orthodox),Islam,Hinduism,Buddhism,Chinese traditional/folk religion(Confucianism,Taoism,Chinese,Buddhism,etc),Judaism,第25页,第26页,第27页,第28页,第29页,第30页,第31页,第32页,第33页,第34页,第35页,第36页,The Ten Commandments,You shall have no other gods before me.,You shall not make for yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on earth beneath or in the waters below.You shall not bow down to them or worship them.,You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God.,Remember the Sabbath day by keeping it holy.Six days you shall labor and do all your work,but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God.,第37页,5.Honor your father and your mother.,6.You shall not murder,7.You shall not commit adultery.,8.You shall not steal.,9.You shall not give false testimony against your neighbour.,10.You shall not covet your neighbours house.You shall not covet your neighbours wife,or his manservant or maidservant,his ox or donkey,or anything that belongs to your neighbour.,第38页,I.Religious Liberty and Religious Groups,(I),Religious Liberty,The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice,or exercise,of religion,hence the freedom of religious belief.,第39页,(II)Three Religious Groups and their sub-groups,1.,Protestant,:60%of the population,the Baptists,浸礼教徒,Methodists,卫理公会派教徒,Presbyterians,长老教会员,Episcopalians,美国圣公会教徒,2.,Catholic,:26.2%of the population;objection to abortion,3.,Jewish,(III)Other Religious Branches,:,Islam;Buddhism,第40页,II.Reasons for Religious Diversity,1.,The freedom of religion and the separation of state and church,guaranteed in the Constitution,is believed to be the basic principles against religious persecution,hence the harmonious coexistence of the various religious groups,2.,The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress,.Scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have been accompanied by a decline in religious observance.,第41页,3.,There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious,argument,such as in European history.Churches and,religious sects are expressions of group solidarity rather than,of rigid adherence to doctrine.,4.In American history,religion has not been identified with an,oppressive of dominant social class or set of political,institutions,.Paradoxically,the original basis of freedom,creates a social pressure in favor of religion.,5.,Most people want to identify themselves with dominant,values,and going freely to the church of ones choice is a,way of doing so,and of gaining acceptance in the face of a,subtle demand for conformity.People go to church and it,helps them feel that they have a place in a community.,第42页,Thank You!,英语国家概况,The United States of America,第43页,