谈含蓄式虚拟条件句.doc

谈含蓄式虚拟条件句

语气是英语动词的一种形式，表达说话者的意图和态度。英语动词的语气可分为三种：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气是高考测试的重点，其变化的多样性和结构的复杂性增加了它的难度。我们不但要掌握虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用（这是关于虚拟语气的基本用法），还应该注意它在含蓄式虚拟条件句中的使用。
含蓄式虚拟条件句是非真实条件句的特殊表现形式，其特点是不使用if 引导的条件状语从句明确表示条件，而用含蓄的方式表达。
含蓄条件的表达方式主要有两种：1.短语、非时间状语从句、单个词等暗示条件，常见的有介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语及but , or , otherwise 等表示转折的词；2.上下文、单句等暗示条件。
这类题目解题的关键是先找到题句中给定的含蓄条件，并确定其是否为假设的非真实条件，然后再确定谓语动词的适当形式。
一、介词短语暗示条件
例1 Without your help, I couldn't have finished the work on time.
该句是简单句，其中Without your help 为介词短语，暗示条件，相当于明确的条件句 If it hadn't been your help 。这个句子是对过去的假设，因此，应用与过去事实相反的动词虚拟形式。又如：
Without the dreams of the youth , this invention would have been postponed (推迟) for a century.(If it hadn't been for the dreams of the youth )
例2 ____ the English examination , I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
解析：答案为B。该句与上例类似，为与过去事实相反的含蓄式虚拟条件句，但测试重点不是选择恰当的动词形式，而是确定能正确表达假设条件的介词短语。所给的4个选项中，只有but for (要不是)合适，与其后名词构成的短语，相当于if it hadn't been for the English examination,表明与过去事实相反的条件。又如：
But for his advice, I couldn't have done it all by myself.(If it hadn't been for his advice)
二、分词短语暗示条件
例1 Having known in time, we ____ the plan from being carried out.
A. will have prevented B. would have prevented
C. must have prevented D. should have been prevented
解析：答案为B。题句中的Having known in time 是现在分词短语，作全句的状语，相当于非真实条件从句If they had known in time, 因此，谓语动词应选用与过去事实相反的虚拟形式B。A是将来完成时，不能与句子的状语搭配使用；C是情态动词must的完成式，表示对过去动作的猜测，如果把状语理解As we had known in time,选Ｃ语法上能讲得通，但句意不合逻辑；Ｄ是被动用法，不恰当。
题句译文：如果及时得知此事，我们当时就会阻止计划的执行。
又如：
Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.
(given more time = if she had been given more time)
Being a doctor , I could cure all patients suffering from cancer.
(being a doctor = if I were a doctor)
三、单个词暗示条件
例 : I was busy that day . Otherwise , I would have come to see you.
句意为：我那天很忙，要不然我就去看你了。
句中的Otherwise 是个暗示条件的单个词，相当于条件句子if I had not been busy that day ，这是一个与过去事实相反的条件句，所以后面用would have come。又如：
I am glad I studied. Otherwise , I would have failed . (otherwise = if I had not studied)
另外，除了副词otherwise 外，常见的还有连词or 等。如：
They liked the apartment or they wouldn't have stayed so long.(or = if they hadn't liked the apartment)
四、上下文暗示条件
例：I would have come to see you that day. Unfortunately , it was raining so hard .
译文：我本来打算在那天来看你的，不巧的是那天下大雨。
该句由两个简单句构成，后面的句子暗示条件，可转换成前一句的非真实条件从句 if it had not been raining so hard, 因此，应用表示过去虚拟的动词形式would have come 。
此类句子要分析出上下文暗示的虚拟条件，特别注意表示转折的词，如but , otherwise, or else等。又如：
I would have written to her but I didn't know her address. (If I had known her address , I would...)

0 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I to the meeting.
A. came B. would come C. had come D. would have come
Supposing the weather bad, where would they go?
A. will be B. is C. were D. be
13 If only I to my parents’ advice!
A. listening B. listen C. am listening D. had listened
10. his English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
54. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
55. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. has received B. ought to have received
C. couldn’t have received D. shouldn’t have received

56. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he _______to see his classmates off.
A. came B. would come C. would have come D. should be coming
57. He’s working hard for fear that he .
A. should fall behind B. fell behind C. may fall behind D. would fall behind
58. Without the dreams of the youth, this invention might for a century.
A. have been postponed B. has been postponed
C. postpone D. be postponed

1．He must have had an accident，or he then．
A．would have been here B．had to be here C．should be here D．would be here
4．Look at the terrible situation I am in！If only I your advice．
A．follow B．had followed C．would follow D．have followed

1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：
(1)W hat would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)
(2) It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)
(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)
(4) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help)
(5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)
(6) Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)

含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：
（1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。
（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。
(4)形容词及其比较级
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分词短语
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名词短语和名词+and结构
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)独立主格结构
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定语从句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)动词原形表示虚拟
动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.

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