神经科学与行为.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,#,神经科学与行为,神经科学与行为,第1页,Neural Communication,Biological Psychology,branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior,some biological psychologists call themselves,behavioral neuroscientists,neuropsychologists,behavior geneticists,physiological psychologists,or,biopsychologists,Neuron,a nerve cell,the basic building block of the nervous system,神经科学与行为,第2页,Neural Communication,Dendrite,the bushy,branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body,Axon,the extension of a neuron,ending in branching terminal fibers,through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands,Myelin MY-uh-lin Sheath,a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons,enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses,神经科学与行为,第3页,Neural Communication,神经科学与行为,第4页,Neural Communication,Action Potential,a neural impulse;a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon,generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane,Threshold,the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse,神经科学与行为,第5页,Neural Communication,Cell body end,of axon,Direction of neural impulse:toward axon terminals,神经科学与行为,第6页,Neural Communication,Synapse SIN-aps,junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron,tiny gap at this junction is called the,synaptic gap,or,cleft,Neurotransmitters,chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons,when released by the sending neuron,neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron,thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse,神经科学与行为,第7页,Neural Communication,神经科学与行为,第8页,Neural Communication,Serotonin Pathways,Dopamine Pathways,神经科学与行为,第9页,Neural Communication,神经科学与行为,第10页,Neural Communication,Acetylcholine ah-seat-el-KO-leen,a neurotransmitter that,among its functions,triggers muscle contraction,Endorphins en-DOR-fins,“morphine within”,natural,opiatelike neurotransmitters,linked to pain control and to pleasure,神经科学与行为,第11页,Neural Communication,Neurotransmitter,molecule,Receiving cell,membrane,Receptor site on,receiving neuron,Agonist mimics,neurotransmitter,Antagonist,blocks,neurotransmitter,神经科学与行为,第12页,The Nervous System,Nervous System,the bodys speedy,electrochemical communication system,consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems,Central Nervous System(CNS),the brain and spinal cord,Peripheral Nervous System(PNS),the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system(CNS)to the rest of the body,神经科学与行为,第13页,The Nervous System,Central,(brain and,spinal cord),Nervous,system,Autonomic(controls,self-regulated action of,internal organs and glands),Skeletal(controls,voluntary movements of,skeletal muscles),Sympathetic,(arousing),Parasympathetic,(calming),Peripheral,神经科学与行为,第14页,The Nervous System,Nerves,neural“cables”containing many axons,part of the peripheral nervous system,connect the central nervous system with muscles,glands,and sense organs,Sensory Neurons,neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system,神经科学与行为,第15页,The Nervous System,Interneurons,CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs,Motor Neurons,carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands,Somatic Nervous System,the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles,神经科学与行为,第16页,The Nervous System,Autonomic Nervous System,the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs(such as the heart),Sympathetic Nervous System,division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body,mobilizing its energy in stressful situations,Parasympathetic Nervous System,division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body,conserving its energy,神经科学与行为,第17页,The Nervous System,神经科学与行为,第18页,The Nervous System,神经科学与行为,第19页,The Nervous System,Reflex,a simple,automatic,inborn response to a sensory stimulus,Skin,receptors,Muscle,Sensory neuron,(incoming information),Motor neuron,(outgoing,information),Brain,Interneuron,Spinal cord,神经科学与行为,第20页,The Nervous System,Neural Networks,interconnected neural cells,with experience,networks can learn,as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results,computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning,Inputs,Outputs,Neurons in the brain,connect with one,another to form networks,The brain learns by modifying,certain connections in,response to feedback,神经科学与行为,第21页,The Brain,Lesion,tissue destruction,a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue,神经科学与行为,第22页,Electroencephalogram(EEG),an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface,these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp,神经科学与行为,第23页,The Brain,CT(computed tomography)Scan,a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body;also called CAT scan,PET(positron emission tomography)Scan,a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task,MRI(magnetic resonance imaging,),a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue;allows us to see structures within the brain,神经科学与行为,第24页,PET Scan,神经科学与行为,第25页,MRI Scan,神经科学与行为,第26页,The Brain,Brainstem,the oldest part and central core of the brain,beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull,responsible for automatic survival functions,Medulla muh-DUL-uh,base of the brainstem,controls heartbeat and breathing,神经科学与行为,第27页,The Brain,神经科学与行为,第28页,The Brain,Reticular Formation,a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal,Thalamus THAL-uh-muss,the brains sensory switchboard,located on top of the brainstem,it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla,神经科学与行为,第29页,The Brain,Cerebellum sehr-uh-BELL-um,the“little brain”attached to the rear of the brainstem,it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance,神经科学与行为,第30页,The Brain,Limbic System,a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres,associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex,includes the hippocampus,amygdala,and hypothalamus.,Amygdala ah-MIG-dah-la,two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion,神经科学与行为,第31页,The Brain,Hypothalamus,neural structure lying below(,hypo,)the thalamus;directs several maintenance activities,eating,drinking,body temperature,helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland,is linked to emotion,神经科学与行为,第32页,The Limbic System,神经科学与行为,第33页,The Limbic System,Electrode implanted in reward center,神经科学与行为,第34页,The Cerebral Cortex,Cerebral Cortex,the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres,the bodys ultimate control and information processing center,Glial Cells,cells in the nervous system that support,nourish,and protect neurons,神经科学与行为,第35页,The Cerebral Cortex,Frontal Lobes,involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments,Parietal Lobes,include the sensory cortex,Occipital Lobes,include the visual areas,which receive visual information from the opposite visual field,Temporal Lobes,include the auditory areas,神经科学与行为,第36页,The Cerebral Cortex,神经科学与行为,第37页,The Cerebral Cortex,Motor Cortex,area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements,Sensory Cortex,area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations,神经科学与行为,第38页,The Cerebral Cortex,神经科学与行为,第39页,The Cerebral Cortex,Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at faces,神经科学与行为,第40页,Visual and Auditory Cortex,神经科学与行为,第41页,Association Areas,More intelligent animals have increased“uncommitted”or association areas of the cortex,神经科学与行为,第42页,The Cerebral Cortex,Aphasia,impairment of language,usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area(impairing speaking)or to Wernickes area(impairing understanding),Brocas Area,an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech,Wernickes Area,an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression,神经科学与行为,第43页,Specialization and Integration,神经科学与行为,第44页,Specialization and Integration,Brain activity when hearing,seeing,and speaking words,神经科学与行为,第45页,Brain Reorganization,Plasticity,the brains capacity for modification,as evident in brain reorganization following damage(especially in children)and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development,神经科学与行为,第46页,Our Divided Brain,C,orpus Callosum,large band of neural fibers,connects the two brain hemispheres,carries messages between the hemispheres,Corpus callosum,神经科学与行为,第47页,Our Divided Brain,The information highway from the eye to the brain,神经科学与行为,第48页,Split Brain,a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers(mainly those of the corpus callosum)between them,神经科学与行为,第49页,Split Brain,“Look at the dot.”,Two words separated,by a dot are,momentarily projected.,“What word,did you see?”,or,“Point with,your left,hand to the,word you,saw.”,神经科学与行为,第50页,Disappearing Southpaws,The percentage of left-handers decreases sharply in samples of older people(adapted from Coren,1993).,The percentage of,lefties sharply,declines with age,10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90,Age in years,14%,12,10,8,6,4,2,0,Percentage of,left-handedness,神经科学与行为,第51页,Brain Structures and their Functions,神经科学与行为,第52页,The Endocrine System,Endocrine System,the bodys“slow”chemical communication system,a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream,神经科学与行为,第53页,