江西省大岗山主要森林类型降雨再分配特征_李道宁 (1).pdf

江西省大岗山主要森林类型降雨再分配特征*李道宁1摇 王摇 兵2摇 蔡体久3*摇 殷摇 卓1摇 琚存勇3(1东北林业大学生态研究中心,哈尔滨 150040;2中国林业科学研究院森林生态与环境保护研究所,北京 100091;3东北林业大学林学院,哈尔滨 150040)摘摇 要摇 以江西大岗山地区杉木林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林为研究对象,分析其对降水再分配过程的影响.结果表明:2012 年 46 月,研究区降水量为 531.6 mm,以小到中雨为主,单次最大降雨量为 61.7 mm.研究期间,毛竹林总穿透雨量最大,常绿阔叶林最小.降水量相同条件下,毛竹林与杉木林的穿透雨量相差不大;降水量较大且相同时,常绿阔叶林的穿透雨量明显小于另两种林型;穿透雨在林内有明显的空间变异性.杉木林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的树干径流率分别为 1.4%、8.9%和 8.8%.杉木林树干径流与另两种林型差异极显著(P阔叶林(25.5%)毛竹林(19.2%).在该地区常见降雨条件下(小雨),杉木林截留率明显高于另两种林型.关键词摇 杉木林摇 毛竹林摇 常绿阔叶林摇 穿透雨摇 树干径流摇 林冠截留文章编号摇 1001-9332(2014)08-0000-04摇 中图分类号摇 S718.5摇 文献标识码摇 ARainfall redistribution traits of three main forest types in Dagangshan Mountains of JiangxiProvince,China.LI Dao鄄ning1,WANG Bing2,CAI Ti鄄jiu3,YIN Zhuo1,JU Cun鄄yong3(1Eco鄄logical Research Center,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China;2Institute of ForestEcology and Environmental Protection,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing 100091,China;3College of Forestry,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China).鄄Chin.J.Appl.Ecol.,2014,25(8):-.Abstract:The redistribution processes of rainfall due to the canopy were studied on three typicalforest types(Chinese fir forest,evergreen broad鄄leaved forest and Phyllostachys pubescens forest)inDagangshan Mountains of Jiangxi Province.The results showed that from April to June,2012,thetotal precipitation was 531.6 mm,with the maximum single rainfall of 61.7 mm.The rainfall in thisarea was mainly light and moderate.During the research period,the total throughfall of P.pu鄄bescens forest was the greatest,and that of evergreen broad鄄leaved forest was the smallest.Thethroughfall of P.pubescens and Chinese fir forest were almost equal at the same rainfall intensity.However,the throughfall of evergreen broad鄄leaved forest was observably smaller than those of theother two types of forest at the same high rainfall intensity.Throughfall presented a distinct spatialvariability within each forest.Stemflow of Chinese fir forest,evergreen broad鄄leaved forest and P.pubescens forest were 1.4%,8.9%and 8.8%,respectively.There were significantly differences(P50 mm)的发生频率分别为 45.2%、29.0%、19.4%和 6.4%,小雨频率最高,暴雨频率最低.研究期间,降雨历时多集中在 3 6 h,历时最长为 13.7 h,最短为 0.5 h.降雨强度集中在 1 5 mmh-1的降雨场次约占总降雨场数的 68%;强度大于5 mmh-1的降雨场次占总降雨场次的 28%;单次降雨强度大于 10 mmh-1的降雨仅有 2 场,约占总降雨场数的 6%.图 1摇 研究区降雨量的分布Fig.1摇 Distribution of the precipitation in the study area.2郾 2摇 3 种林型穿透雨的特征试验期间,研究区常绿阔叶林总穿透雨量为348.7 mm,占同期林外降水量的 65.5%;毛竹林总穿透雨量为 382.6 mm,占同期林外降水量的 71.9%;杉木林总穿透雨量为 361.9 mm,占同期林外降水量的 68.1%.3 种林型穿透雨率范围各不相同,常38 期摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 李道宁等:江西省大岗山主要森林类型降雨再分配特征摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇绿阔叶林、毛竹林和杉木林分别为 46.1%75.2%、48.4%86.2%和 31.3%81.6%.期间出现最大穿透雨率的林型为毛竹林,常绿阔叶林穿透雨率范围小于另两种林型.原因在于,毛竹林林冠冠幅、郁闭度相对较小,叶片细长,不易直接阻挡雨滴下落;杉木林虽然为披针形叶,但郁闭度相对毛竹林较大且枝干易吸水,故其穿透雨率小于毛竹林;阔叶林冠幅郁闭度较大,叶多呈圆形、椭圆形,可有效阻挡雨滴下落,但因样地内树木密度相对较小,所以穿透雨率较另两种林型减小不明显.研究区 3 种林型林内穿透雨量与林外降雨量之间的回归关系分析表明,线性方程的拟合效果最佳.3 种主要林型的穿透雨量都随着降水量的增加而增加.降水量较小时,降水量相同情况下 3 种林型穿透雨量相差不大;随着降水量的增大,常绿阔叶林的穿透雨量小于另两种林型的趋势越来越明显,杉木林和毛竹林则相差不大(图 2).图 2摇 3 种林型林外降雨量与林内穿透雨量的关系Fig.2摇Relationships between atmosphere rainfall and through鄄fall of three forests.P:毛竹林 Phyllostachys pubescens forest;F:杉木林 Chinese fir forest;B:常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad鄄leaved forest.下同 The same below.摇 摇 穿透雨不仅与林外降水量有关,还与该地区的降雨特征有关24.在降水量相同或相近的情况下,降雨历时和降雨强度对 3 种林型穿透雨率有一定影响,特别是降雨强度.由于观测期间的降水主要以低于10 mm 的小雨为主(占45%),所以选择其中降水量相近的 4 场单次降雨(4 月 25 日、6 月 3 日、6 月 9日和 6 月 25 日)的观测结果进行分析.这 4 次单场降水的降水量接近,降雨强度依次递增;降水前 1 2 d 内均有降水发生,即林内干湿条件类似;且这 4场降水的当天风速均小于20 kmh-1,属于微风,对穿透雨结果影响不大.故以上 4 场降水基本符合进行相同降水量、不同降雨强度条件下穿透雨规律分析的条件.由表 2 可以看出,在降水量相同或相近的条件下,研究区 3 种林型的穿透降雨率整体上随着降雨强度的增大而增大,其中,阔叶林穿透雨率随降雨强度递增的趋势最为连续,而毛竹林和杉木林则分别在 6 月 3 日和 6 月 9 日表现出非递增规律.整体上存在递增趋势的原因在于降雨强度越大,雨滴所携带的动能越大,对冠层枝叶的冲击也越大,导致本来截留在叶面上的雨滴会有一部分滴落下来由截留水转变成穿透雨落入地表.相对于常绿阔叶林来说,毛竹林和杉木林的冠幅和叶面积都较小,所以雨滴下落时所受到的直接冲击弱于常绿阔叶林,故受降雨强度的影响没有表现出类似常绿阔叶林的明显规律,但整体上依然能够体现出穿透雨率随降雨强度递增的趋势.表 2摇 降水量相近条件下 3 种林型的穿透雨率Table 2摇 Throughfall rate of three forests under the similarrainfall日期Date降雨量Precipitation(mm)降雨强度Rainfallintensity(mmh1)穿透雨率 Throughfall rate(%)毛竹林Phyllostachyspubescens常绿阔叶林Evergreenbroad鄄leaved forest杉木林Chinesefir forest04鄄255.10.948.446.134.306鄄035.81.586.266.251.306鄄256.32.361.971.766.506鄄096.32.784.573.433.8摇 摇由于样地中穿透雨水槽属于随机设置,所以 3种林型穿透雨存在一定的空间异质性.为了衡量不同降雨特征下 3 种林型穿透雨的空间变异程度,用变异系数(C)表示林内穿透雨的变异程度,C 值越大,表示该林型穿透雨的空间变异程度越大,反之表示空间变异程度越小.空间变异小意味着对延缓雨滴动能、减少地面侵蚀等保持水土方面具有重要意义25-26.C 的计算公式如下:C=S軈X伊100%式中:s 为标准差;軈X 为平均值.研究区降雨强度极小(10 mmh-1)的情况出现很少,仅分别出现 1 场和 2场,属特殊情况.降雨强度较大时(5 10 mmh-1),由于雨滴对冠层的冲击过于密集,导致穿透雨变异系数较小,同时在该降雨强度下,随着降水量的不同,穿透雨变异系数无显著变化.该地区降雨强度主要集中在 1 5 mmh-1,约占总降雨场数的68%,故挑选降雨强度 1 5 mmh-1的 21 场降雨来分析降水量与不同林型穿透雨变异系数的关系.4应摇 用摇 生摇 态摇 学摇 报摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 25 卷图 3摇 3 种林型穿透雨变异系数与降雨量的关系Fig.3摇Relationships between variation coefficients of through鄄fall and rainfall of three forests.摇 摇 由图 3 可以看出,研究区 3 种林型的穿透雨变异系数均随着降水量的增加而减小.在降水量相同的情况下,降水量毛竹林杉木林.树干径流主要与冠幅、林冠厚度、林木分支角度、树干光滑程度有关.毛竹林枝干光滑、冠幅小、侧枝与树干夹角相对较小,雨水便于通过枝叶汇集在一起27;而杉木林和阔叶林均是侧枝夹角较大、冠幅较大,且树皮粗糙多纹理,故不易于形成树干径流.相对阔叶树而言,杉木的树皮较厚,更易吸收水分,所以汇集径流能力不如阔叶林树种.方差分析可知,杉木林树干径流率与另两种林型均存在极显著差异(P阔叶林毛竹林.结合图 2 可知,该地区所发生的降雨中 75%为小雨和中雨,杉木林在此雨量级中的林冠截留率明显高于另外两种林型.图 5摇 3 种林型林冠截留量与降雨量的关系Fig.5摇 Relationship between canopy interception and rainfall ofthree forests图 6摇 不同雨量级下 3 种林型的林冠截留率Fig.6摇 Canopy interception rate of three forests under differentrainfall levels of three forests.3摇 结摇 摇 论大岗山地区 3 种主要林型(杉木林、常绿阔叶6应摇 用摇 生摇 态摇 学摇 报摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 25 卷林、毛竹林)穿透雨量均与林外降水呈明显的线性关系,随着降水量的增大而增大.研究期内,各林型穿透雨率为毛竹林杉木林阔叶林.在降水量相同或相近的情况下,3 种林型的穿透雨率均随着林外降雨强度的增大而增大.3 种林型林内穿透雨都存在着一定的空间变异性,变异系数均随着降水量的增加而减小.毛竹林林分密度大、冠幅小,林冠汇聚作用不如杉木林和常绿阔叶林明显,故林内穿透雨空间变异性相对最小,常绿阔叶林空间变异系数最大.杉木林、常绿阔叶林和毛竹林的树干径流率分别为 1.4%、8.9%和 8.8%.其中,常绿阔叶林树干径流率大于崔向慧等302004 年在同一地区的研究结果.其原因可能在于,本次试验常绿阔叶林试验样地林分保存相对完好,但该地区常绿阔叶林整体遭人为破坏较为严重,林分情况偏于理想状态,易产生树干径流;同时,本研究期为 3 个月的雨季,降水丰富,中到大雨相对集中,同样易产生树干径流,故出现树干径流率相对较大的情况.3 种林型树干径流量均随着林外雨量的增大而增大,拟合方程以幂函数关系最佳.杉木林树干径流量明显小于毛竹林和常绿阔叶林,这主要是因为杉木属于树皮较粗糙的树种,枝干表面吸水能力强,树枝分支角较大,使雨水直接滴落而不能汇聚到树干等.树干径流量的大小还与降水发生时林分的干湿程度有很大关系,林分湿润状态下树干径流明显大于林分相对干燥的状态.且毛竹林受干湿情况影响较小,杉木林受影响最大.毛竹林、常绿阔叶林和杉木林的林冠截留率分别为 19.2%、25.5%和 30.5%,3 种林型的林冠截留量与林外降水量均呈二次多项式关系.随着雨量级的增大,林冠截留率呈减小趋势.不同雨量级条件下 3 种林型各自的截留率差距不同,在本研究地区常见的小雨条件下,杉木林林冠截留率明显大于毛竹林和常绿阔叶林.参考文献1摇Daily GC.Nature爷s Services:Societal Dependence onNatural Ecosystems.Washington DC:Island Press,19972摇Muzylo A,Llorens P,Valente F,et al.A review ofrainfall interception modelling.Journal of Hydrology,2009,370:191-2063摇Gao J鄄R(高甲荣),Xiao B(肖摇斌),Zhang D鄄S(张东升),et al.Review on forest hydrology study inthe world.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2001,15(suppl.1):60-64(in Chinese)4摇 Liu S鄄R(刘世荣),Chang J鄄G(常建国),Sun P鄄S(孙鹏森).Forest hydrology:Forest and water in a con鄄text of global change.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2007,31(5):753-756(in Chi鄄nese)5摇 Zhou X鄄F(周晓峰),Zhao H鄄X(赵惠勋),Sun 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Jiangxiensis(江西农业大学学报),2009,31(6):1055-1062(in Chinese)29摇Peng H鄄H(彭焕华).Study on Canopy Rainfall Inter鄄ception of Qinghai Spruce(Picea crassifolia)Forest inNorth SlopeofQilianMountains.MasterThesis.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2010(in Chinese)30摇Cui X鄄H(崔向慧),Wang B(王摇兵),Deng Z鄄F(邓宗富).A study eco鄄hydrological effect of evergreenbroad鄄leaved forests in Dagangshan Mountain,JiangxiProvince.Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis(江西农业大学学报),2004,26(5):660-664(inChinese)作者简介摇 李道宁,男,1987 年生,硕士研究生.主要从事森林水文研究.E鄄mail:责任编辑摇 杨摇 弘8应摇 用摇 生摇 态摇 学摇 报摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 摇 25 卷