工程、项目管理与设计安全要点、注意事项与施工必读.docx

Environmental effects of oil and gas lease sites in a grassland ecosystem  
Environmental Management
The northern Great Plains of Saskatchewan is one of the most significantly modified landscapes in Canada. While the majority of anthropogenic disturbances to Saskatchewan’s grasslands are the result of agricultural practices, development of petroleum and natural gas (PNG) resources is of increasing concern for grassland conservation. Although PNG developments require formal assessment and regulatory approval, follow-up and monitoring of the effects of PNG development on grasslands is not common practice. Consequently, the effects of PNG activity on grasslands and the spatial and temporal extent of such impacts are largely unknown. This paper examines the spatial and temporal extent of PNG development infrastructure from 1955 to 2006 in a grassland ecosystem in southwest Saskatchewan. The effects of PNG development on grassland ecology were assessed from measurements of ground cover characteristics, soil properties, and plant community composition at 31sites in the study area. PNG lease sites were found to have low cover of herbaceous plants, club moss (Lycopodiaceae), litter, and shallow organic (Ah) horizons. Lease sites were also characterized by low diversity of desirable grassland plants and low range health values compared to off-lease reference sites. These impacts were amplified at active and highly productive lease sites. Impacts of PNG development persisted for more than 50 years following well site construction, and extended outward 20 m–25 m beyond the direct physical footprint of PNG well infrastructure. These results have significant implications with regard to the current state of monitoring and follow-up of PNG development, and the cumulative effective of PNG activity on grassland ecosystems over space and time.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study area
2.2. Well ticket and aerial photo data
2.3. Field data collection
2.4. Analysis of environmental effects
3. Results
3.1. PNG development in the study area
3.2. Physical footprint of PNG site infrastructure
3.3. Impacts to ground cover and soil
3.4. Impacts to grassland plants
3.5. Impacts to range health
3.6. Influence of drill date and season
3.7. Spatial extent of impacts
3.8. Cumulative extent of PNG impacts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgements

Eastern Canadian crude oil supply and its implications for regional energy security  
Energy Policy
Canada has been blessed with immense energy resources; however, their distribution is not uniform. One such example is crude oil, which is found primarily in western Canada. Eastern Canada, consisting of the six eastern-most provinces (Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec), produce limited quantities of crude oil, most of which is exported to the United States. Ideally, western Canadian crude oil would meet the demands of eastern Canada; however, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the absence of oil pipelines means that eastern Canada increasingly relies on supplies of crude oil from a small number of oil exporting countries, many with declining production.
This paper examines crude oil production, supply and its refining in eastern Canada. It shows that crude production in the region has reached its peak and that increasing global competition for crude oil will affect energy security in eastern Canada, either through price increases or supply shortages, or both.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Crude supply
2.1. Transporting crude
2.2. Refineries
2.3. Western Canadian crude
2.4. Eastern Canadian crude
2.5. Imported crude
3. Refined petroleum products
4. Refined product demand
5. Discussion
6. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements

World energy analysis: H2 now or later?  
Energy Policy
This is a study of world energy resource sustainability within the context of resource peak production dates, advanced energy use technologies in the transportation and electricity generation energy use sectors, and alternative fuel production including hydrogen. The finding causing the most concern is the projection of a peak in global conventional oil production between now and 2023. In addition, the findings indicate that the peak production date for natural gas, coal, and uranium could occur by 2050. The central question is whether oil production from non-conventional oil resources can be increased at a fast enough rate to offset declines in conventional oil production. The development of non-conventional oil production raises concerns about increased energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and water issues. Due to the emerging fossil fuel resource constraints in coming decades, this study concludes that it is prudent to begin the development of hydrogen production and distribution systems in the near-term. The hydrogen gas is to be initially used by fuel cell vehicles, which will eliminate tailpipe greenhouse gas emissions. With a lowering of H2 production costs through the amortization of system components, H2 can be an economic fuel source for electricity generation post-2040.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Methods and data
2.1. Methods
2.2. Data
3. Findings
3.1. Energy resource peak production dates
3.2. The effects of energy paths on oil supply/demand balances
3.3. Sensitivity analysis for peak production estimates
4. Discussion of findings
4.1. Evaluation of peak production date estimates
4.2. Issues related to the production of synfuels from non-conventional oil resources
4.3. H2 production and distribution systems
5. Conclusions
References

Energy efficiency in social housing: Opportunities and barriers from a case study in Brazil  
Energy Policy
This paper investigates the energy efficiency in a segment of the building sector in emerging countries by analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency of a social housing project in Brazil. Energy efficiency measures and bioclimatic design strategies are developed in order to improve thermal comfort in this social housing project and to reduce the energy consumption and expenses of their residents. The institutional barriers and constraints toward higher efficiency are described. The results of this study show that there is a high potential to increase energy efficiency in social housing in emerging countries like Brazil. The implementation and consideration of the energy efficiency measures and policy recommendations would contribute substantially to the goal to dampen the fast growth of energy demand in these countries. Moreover the improvement of energy efficiency in the social housing sector could be a driver for market transformation towards more sustainability in the whole building sector.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Situation of social housing in Brazil
3.1. The housing deficit
3.2. Federal housing policy
3.3. Social housing in Rio de Janeiro
4. Energy efficiency in Brazil
4.1. Energy efficiency policy
4.2. Brazilian building standards and codes related to energy efficiency
4.3. Barriers to energy efficiency in social housing
4.3.1. Investment and lifecycle cost
4.3.2. Awareness and capacity
4.3.3. Policy and standardization
4.3.4. Fragmentation of building sector
5. Mangueira social housing project
5.1. Project context
5.2. Assessment matrix for energy efficiency analysis
5.3. Energy efficiency analysis
6. Recommendations and implementation
6.1. Project design recommendations
6.1.1. Design guidelines
6.1.2. Economic evaluation and affordability
6.2. Constraints and opportunities of energy efficiency
6.3. Institutional framework recommendations
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements

Research highlights
►There is a high potential to increase energy efficiency in social housing in Brazil. ►Energy-efficient social housing would contribute substantially to dampen the fast growth of energy consumption in emerging countries like Brazil. ►Implementation of energy efficiency would improve the income situation of the poorest strata of the population.

Fuzzy rule-based modelling for human health risk from naturally occurring radioactive materials in produced water  
Environmental Radioactivity
Produced water, discharged from offshore oil and gas operations, contains chemicals from formation water, condensed water, and any chemical added down hole or during the oil/water separation process. Although, most of the contaminants fall below the detection limits within a short distance from the discharge port, a few of the remaining contaminants including naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are of concern due to their bioavailability in the media and bioaccumulation characteristics in finfish and shellfish species used for human consumption. In the past, several initiatives have been taken to model human health risk from NORM in produced water. The parameters of the available risk assessment models are imprecise and sparse in nature. In this study, a fuzzy possibilistic evaluation using fuzzy rule based modeling has been presented. Being conservative in nature, the possibilistic approach considers possible input parameter values; thus provides better environmental prediction than the Monte Carlo (MC) calculation. The uncertainties of the input parameters were captured with fuzzy triangular membership functions (TFNs). Fuzzy if-then rules were applied for input concentrations of two isotopes of radium, namely 226Ra, and 228Ra, available in produced water and bulk dilution to evaluate the radium concentration in fish tissue used for human consumption. The bulk dilution was predicted using four input parameters: produced water discharge rate, ambient seawater velocity, depth of discharge port and density gradient. The evaluated cancer risk shows compliance with the regulatory guidelines; thus minimum risk to human health is expected from NORM components in produced water.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Fuzzy rule-based modelling
2.1. Fuzzy set theory
2.2. Fuzzy rule
2.3. Predicting bulk dilution
2.4. Modelling human health risk
3. Possibilistic evaluation
4. Results and discussions
5. Conclusions

Analysis of the reactivity coefficients of the advanced high-temperature reactor for plutonium and uranium fuels 
Annals of Nuclear Energy
The conceptual design of the advanced high-temperature reactor (AHTR) has recently been proposed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with the intention to provide and alternative energy source for very high temperature applications. In the present study, we focused on the analyses of the reactivity coefficients of the AHTR core fueled with two types of fuel: enriched uranium and plutonium from the reprocessing of light water reactors irradiated fuel. More precisely, we investigated the influence of the outer graphite reflectors on the multiplication factor of the core, the fuel and moderator temperature reactivity coefficients and the void reactivity coefficient for five different molten salts: NaF, BeF2, LiF, ZrF4 and Li2BeF4 eutectic. In order to better illustrate the behavior of the previous parameters for different core configurations, we evaluated the moderating ratio of the molten salts and the absorption rate of the key fuel nuclides, which, of course, are driven by the neutron spectrum. The results show that the fuel and moderator temperature reactivity coefficients are always negative, whereas the void reactivity coefficient can be set negative provided that the fuel to moderator ratio is optimized (the core is undermoderated) and the moderating ratio of the coolant is large.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. Geometry description
3. Coolants and fuels description
4. Results
4.1. Excess of reactivity and delayed neutron fraction
4.2. Reflector thickness
4.3. Neutron spectra
4.4. Void reactivity coefficient
4.4.1. Configuration 1 – Pu core undermoderated, U core overmoderated
4.4.2. Configuration 2 – Pu core locally overmoderated, U core undermoderated
4.5. Moderator temperature reactivity coefficient
4.6. Fuel Temperature Reactivity Coefficient
5. Conclusions

Small Firm Growth in Developing Countries  
World Development
Although the vast majority of small firms in developing countries never expand beyond a few employees, some experience rapid and substantial growth. This study explores factors associated with small firm growth. We discuss key findings for four types of factors: (1) individual entrepreneur characteristics; (2) firm characteristics; (3) relational factors (such as social networks or value chains); and (4) contextual factors (such as the business environment). We conclude by suggesting implications for development practitioners.
Article Outline
1. Introduction
2. The role of micro and small enterprises
3. Research methodology
4. Individual entrepreneur characteristics
(a). Education
(b). Work experience
(c). Gender and household
5. Firm characteristics
(a). Firm age
(b). Formality (or Informality)
(c). Access to finance
6. Social networks
7. Value chains
8. Inter-firm cooperation
(a). Vertical linkages
(b). Horizontal linkages
(c). Supporting markets
9. Contextual factors
10. Implications for development practioners
Acknowledgements