湖南常德桃花源机场鸟类的时空分布与鸟击防范.pdf

收稿日期:2009205225 接受日期:2009208207基金项目:湖南省自然科学基金项目(09JJ3030);湖南省机场集团有限公司委托课题 湖南五大机场鸟害生态环境调查及鸟击防范研究 资助作者简介:李益得(1985),男,硕士研究生,主要从事机场鸟击防范研究,E2mail:3通讯作者Corresponding author,E2mail:致谢:湖南常德桃花源机场安全保障部王宾海、石朝林、丁杰等对机场飞行区内的调查工作提供了帮助,在此一并致谢!湖南常德桃花源机场鸟类的时空分布与鸟击防范李益得1,杨道德13,张志强1,杜伟军2,毛俊2,江华2(1.中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所,长沙410004;2.湖南常德桃花源机场安全保障部,湖南常德415034)摘要:桃花源机场位于湖南省常德市鼎城区斗姆湖镇,距市区1212 km。机场自1998年6月复航以来,鸟击事故时有发生,严重地影响到机场的飞行安全。为指导机场开展有针对性的鸟击防范工作,2008年5月 2009年4月,作者对桃花源机场净空区的鸟类群落组成和不同生境的鸟类物种多样性进行了实地调查,共记录到91种鸟类,隶属13目28科。其中留鸟39种,夏候鸟25种,冬候鸟25种,旅鸟2种。在不同季节中,机场净空区鸟类的Shan2non2W iener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数在春季均为最高,秋季均为最低。在净空区灌草丛、树林、农田、村落和水域5种鸟类生境类型中,以灌草丛生境鸟类的Shannon2W iener多样性指数最高,村落生境鸟类的Pielou均匀性指数最高,农田生境鸟类的Shannon2W iener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数均为最低。鸟类种群密度在灌草丛与农田、灌草丛与村落、灌草丛与水域、树林与农田、树林与村落、树林与水域、农田与村落、村落与水域生境之间的差异显著(P0105)。鸟类种群密度在不同季节间的差异不显著(P0105)。与鸟击的发生较为密切的鸟类为小云雀A lauda gulgula、牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis、金腰燕Hirun2do daurica等鸟类。据此对桃花源机场的鸟击防范提出了相关建议。关键词:鸟类群落;物种多样性;时空分布;鸟击防范;常德桃花源机场中图分类号:Q95917;Q95811 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-7083(2010)03-0446-06Avian Spatial and TemporalD istribution and Bird Strike PreventiveM easuresat Changde Taohuayuan A irport,Hunan ProvinceL I Yi2de1,YANGDao2de13,ZHANG Zhi2qiang1,DU Wei2jun2,MAO Jun2,J I ANG Hua2(1.Institute ofW ildlife Conservation,Central South University of Forestry and Technology,Changsha 410004,China;2.Hunan Changde Taohuayuan Airport Co.Ltd,Changde,Hunan Province 415034,China)Abstract:Taohuayuan Airport is located in Doumuhu town,Dingcheng district,Changde municipality of Hunan Prov2ince,about 12.2 km away from the urban area.In order to prevent bird strike,a survey of avian species diversitywas con2ducted at Taohuayuan Airport from May 2008 to April 2009.There were 91 bird species observed,belonging to 28 familiesand 13 orders.Among them,therewere 39,25,25,and 2 bird species belonging to the resident birds,the summer breed2ers,the wintermigrant birds,and the passage migrant birds respectively.The Shannon2W iener index and Pielous evennessindex of the avian community in springwere the highestwhile the lowest occurred in autumn.The Shannon2W iener index ofbirds in the shrub2grassland was the highest and Pielous evenness index of birds in the village habitatwas the highest;boththe indicesof birds in the far mlandwere the lowest.The density of bird population did not show significant difference amongdifferent seasons,and between the shrub2grassland and the forest habitat,the farmland and the water2body habitat(P0.05),whereas there was a significant difference(P0105)。春、秋季鸟类物种数较多,可能与桃花源机场地区处于中国中部鸟类迁徙通道上有关。表2 湖南常德桃花源机场不同季节鸟类物种多样性的比较Table 2Comparison of avian species diversity in different seasons at Changde Taohuayuan Airport of Hunan Province.季节Season物种数Speciesnumber种群密度只/hm2)Population densityShannon2Weiner多样性指数Shannon2Weinerdiversity indexPielou均匀性指数Pielou evennessindices优势物种Dominant species春季Spring62211671153801858家燕、小云雀、金腰燕、黑卷尾夏季Summer41214941130701810家燕、金腰燕、白鹭、池鹭秋季Autumn47310241113501679金腰燕、小云雀、丝光椋鸟、白鹭冬季W inter42116671122301753树麻雀、棕头鸦雀、白颊噪鹛31212不同生境之间的鸟类多样性比较分析 对桃花源机场净空区内不同生境中鸟类多样性进行比较,发现灌草丛生境中鸟类物种数最多,村落生境最少;多样性指数从高到低依次为灌草丛树林水域村落农田,均匀性指数从高到低为村落树林水域灌草丛农田(表3)。对各季节不同生境间的鸟类密度进行ANOVA分析,结果显示,鸟类密度在村落生境与其他生境间差异极显著(P0101),灌草丛与农田、灌草丛与水域、树林与农田、树林与水域之间差异显著(P0105)。表3 湖南常德桃花源机场5种生境中鸟类物种多样性的比较Table 3Comparison of avian species diversity in 5 habitats at Changde Taohuayuan Airport of Hunan Province生境类型Habitat type物种数Species number种群密度(只/hm2)Population densityShannon2Weiner多样性指数Shannon2Weinerdiversity indexPielou均匀性指数Pielouevenness index优势物种Dominant species灌草丛Shrub2grassland64219681144001797金腰燕、小云雀、家燕树林Forest3831021128201812丝光椋鸟、白头鹎、黑卷尾农田Farmland25113080190701648家燕、金腰燕、白鹭村落Village24513851117301850树麻雀、白颊噪鹛、家燕水域Water2body34111721123101804池鹭、白鹭31213 不同生境之间的鸟类相似性比较 经相似性系数分析,桃花源机场5种鸟类生境中,树林与村落生境之间的鸟类群落相似性最高,树林与灌草丛生境之间的相似性次之,水域与树林生境之间的鸟类群落相似性最低(表4)。313 鸟类优势物种及分布情况根据RB频率 指数值(表1),白 鹭Egrettagarzetta、小云雀、家燕Hirundo rustica、金腰燕H.daurica和白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis等5种鸟类为机场地区优势物种,池鹭A rdeola bacchus、珠颈斑鸠Streptopelia chinensis、棕背伯劳Lanius schach、白鹡鸰M otacilla alba、丝光椋鸟Sturnus sericeus、乌鸫Turdusm erula、黑卷尾D icrurus m acrocercus、白颊噪鹛Garru2lax sannio、黑脸噪鹛G.perspicillatus和树麻雀Passerm ontanus等10种为普通种,小(Tachy2baptus ruficolli、夜鹭N ycticorax nycticorax、绿鹭B uto2rides striatus等76种为少见种。表4 湖南常德桃花源机场5种生境中鸟类相似性比较Table 4Comparison of avian species si m ilarity in 5 habitats atChangde Taohuayuan Airport of Hunan Province.生境类型Habitat type树林Forest农田Farmland村落Village水域Water2body灌草丛Shrub2grassland01543014940147701388树林Forest013170154801222农田Farmland0144901508村落Village01276 根据飞机运行的不同阶段,将桃花源机场净空区分为3个区域:A区(机场飞行区):飞机跑道、滑行道及其两侧迫降地带。在该区内以雀形目和鹭科鸟类为主,如家燕、金腰燕、小云雀、黑卷尾、棕背伯劳、乌鸫、斑鸫T.naum anni、牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis、白鹭、池鹭等鸟类。B区(内水平面):指从A区至机054四川动物2010年 第29卷 第3期 Sichuan Journal of ZoologyVol129No132010场参考点半径312 km范围的区域。大量的鹭科、鹬科、鹰科、隼科等大鸟和群鸟多在该区域活动,如池鹭、白鹭、草鹭A rdea purpurea等鸟类个体大,飞得高,并有小区域迁徙行为,对飞机的升降构成较大威胁。C区(大锥形面、爬升区):指从B区至机场参考点半径8 km范围的区域。对在该区运行的飞机存在潜在威胁的主要是鹭科、鹰科等飞行高度较高的鸟类。4 讨论与建议411 生境异质性的高低决定了鸟类的群落多样性灌草丛生境主要指飞行区内跑道两旁的草坪生境,飞行区内主要由大量杂草丛和少量灌丛组成,且桃花源机场内有一条围绕巡场道的小型明水沟,机场灌草丛生境由草丛、灌丛、机场围界、巡场道、跑道和小型水沟等小生境组成,机场内人为干扰小,草坪生境可为鸟类提供丰富的食源、良好的栖息地和繁殖场所及筑巢材料,故灌草丛生境鸟类物种总数和多样性较高(张世峰等,2008);农田与村落生境人为干扰大,且生境结构简单,故物种总数和多样性均较低。412 影响飞机安全运行的鸟类根据桃花源机场净空区内鸟类的种群数、分布及飞行高度等因素综合分析,对飞机安全运行影响大的鸟类有小云雀、白鹭、乌鸫、斑鸫等10种,它们频繁活动于机场飞行区草坪及穿梭于跑道,尤其是小云雀常年活动于机场飞行区草坪,由此导致2007年发生了一起鸟击事故。对飞机安全运行影响较大的鸟 类 有 松 雀 鹰Accipiter virgatus、领 角 鸮O tusbakkam oena、短耳鸮Asio flamm eus、雉鸡Phasianuscolchicus等。为了更准确地确定重点防范鸟种,今后应逐步完善桃花源机场鸟击风险评估系统。413 鸟击防范措施及效果2008年5月 2009年4月,桃花源机场实施了鸟击防范措施,其防治效果如下:(1)在45月份与910月份对机场草坪进行了两次割草,割草后黑卷尾和小云雀在机场草坪的活动数量比割草前减少20%;(2)在机场跑道两边草坪分三条隔离带:跑道旁5 m内用除草剂和杀虫剂等除草、除虫及土壤动物,跑道旁520 m内控制草高1015 cm,20 m外控制草高20 cm以上。措施实施后1个月内,跑道旁5 m内的隔离带上小云雀的活动数量较少;(3)在5月份和8月份对机场草坪进行全面灭虫,一部分燕子的觅食地由飞行区转到了机场围界外的农田内;(4)定期在跑道两旁投放诱饵和在鸟类频繁活动地带放置粘鸟胶,对防范小云雀有一定效果;(5)在6月份清除机场内排水沟中的水生植物和螺类,7月份在排水沟内记录到的鹭科鸟类个体总数是5月份的70%。414 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