红木既是一种木材.doc

红木家具日常知识

红木既是一种木材，也是当前国内高档家具用材约定俗成的一类木材的名称，同时也是明清家具特定用材的延伸，是古典木家具的统称。一般来说，所谓红木家具，主要是指由紫檀木、酸枝木、乌木、瘿木、花梨木、鸡翅木等硬木制成的家具。这些木材大多有香气，材质本身为紫红或红褐色。红木家具除了用材讲究之外，做工也十分有特色。红木家具大多采用榫卯接合，牢固耐用。优良的红木家具，基本上都是由工艺师们一刀一锯一刨完成的，每落一刀都要讲究整体艺术上的和谐统一，都要让工艺师们煞费苦心。红木材色悦目，结构细致，花纹美观，是经过人们长期检验和筛选的优质良材。用其制造的明清古典家具等制品及现代红木家具、红木摆设、文房四宝及雕刻等工艺制品，既集实用性、艺术性和保值性于一体，又能显现出居士主人的素养、地位等。
1、用材：国际标准中将红木材料分为8类，即紫檀木类、花梨木类、香枝木类、黑酸枝木类、红酸枝木类、乌木类、条纹乌木类和鸡翅木类；除香枝木产于我国海南外，其余大多数是从东南亚热带非洲和拉丁美洲进口的。
1）、紫檀木类：紫檀木是红木中的极品。其木质坚硬，手感沉重。板面呈深红色，经刨光后板面上有隐约的蟹爪状纹理。长时间暴露在空气中经氧化后，渐成油腻性红紫或红棕色彩，永不变色。触摸时手感细腻舒适。
2）、花梨木类：花梨木又称香红木，与酸枝木构成相近，其木质坚硬，板面有深浅相间的狸斑状花纹，纹理有直有斜或斜直交错，结构细腻而均匀。原木边材黄褐色，心材呈红褐色，久置空气中呈栗红色。
3）、酸枝木类：酸枝木类俗称老红木。木质坚硬沉重，经久耐用，能沉于水中，木材呈浅红色，久置空气中渐成深红色或墨红色，有的有黑斑点；纹理细密，有光泽；加工时散发出一种带有酸味的辛香，故名。
4）、乌木类：呈幽黑色，木质细腻有光泽，不易变形，纹理不显露。常作高档家具的镶边，或制作筷子、墨盒之类小件，少见制作家具。
5）、鸡翅木类：鸡翅木木质坚硬，纹理很像鸡翅膀上羽毛，有深浅相间的花纹，且富于光泽，质地很坚硬，又称为“砂石木”。但因木内含有细微沙砾等杂质，故难以加工，善做装饰边角材料。
6）、上述木材的共同特点是都比较坚硬，一般用指甲很难划上痕迹。目前市场上以花梨木和酸枝木制作的红木家具较常见。
2、如何挑选红木家具：
1）、一般来讲，一件红木家具少则几千元，多则上万元、几万元，在购买时要注意慎重挑选。
2）、首先要识别用材种类。目前紫檀木类的比较昂贵，而市场上最常见的则是花梨木与酸枝木类的红木家具。
3）、其次要分清用材比例。红木家具有的是用全红木材料制作的，有的家具后背板、顶板、底板等采用非红木材料，还有的仅是家具外露部位采用红木，其他部位为非红木材料或红木贴面板。用料不同，价格也应有差别。
4）、最后要注意做工是否精细。好的红木家具做工精良，设计独到。买时可注意细节部位的雕刻纹理是否细腻等。
红木家具的保养：（北方地区）
放置与地势较低的屋内时，必须将家具适当垫高；放置于有空调的房间没时，密闭的门窗应经常打开通风或在房间内养一缸金鱼或种植一些山水盆景、花草等，以适当提供一些房间内的湿度。房间内的最佳相对湿度应在12%至16%之间。
一件上好的红木家具应经常除尘上光，以保持家具的清洁。保养家具时可在表面擦一些液体上光蜡，然后用干的软布顺着木纹来回轻轻揩擦。严禁使用酸、碱水、酒精、香蕉水等刺激性溶剂，以免损伤漆面，也不宜使用过湿的抹布或粗糙的抹布揩擦，以减少家具不应有的涨裂现象。
红木家具宜阴湿，忌干燥，不宜暴晒，切忌空调对着家具吹；每三个月用少许蜡擦一次；用轻度肥皂水清除表面的油垢，忌用汽油、煤油。
1、 红木家具在室内摆放的位置应远离门口、窗口、风口等空气流动较强的部位，更不要受到阳光的照射。
2、 冬季不要摆放在暖气附近，切忌室内温度过热，一般以人在室内穿着毛衣感觉舒适为宜。
3、 春、秋、冬三个季节要保持室内空气不干燥，宜用加湿器喷湿，室内养鱼、养花也可以调节室内空气湿度。
4、 夏天暑假来临，要经常开空调排湿，减少木材吸湿膨胀，避免榫结构部位湿涨变形而开裂。
5、 要保持家具整洁，日常可用干净的纱布擦拭灰尘。不宜用化学光亮剂，以免漆面发粘受损。为了保持家具漆膜的光亮度，可把核桃碾碎、去皮，再用三层纱布去油抛光。
6、 台类红木家具的面板，为了保护漆膜不被划伤，又要显示木材纹理，一般在台面上放置厚玻璃板，且在玻璃板与木质台面之间用小吸盘垫隔开。建议不要用透明的聚乙烯水晶板。
红木家具划痕的处理方法：
先用砂纸把凸起的边缘部分，一点点的磨平，这是要记住的是，砂纸一定要买细的，不要买太粗的砂纸，然后可以用树脂胶填充在痕迹中，准备多种与红木表面相同的颜色，进行补色，尽量不要用一种颜色则显的不自然。如果表面还有漆的话，那么就要在修补痕迹后再最后的涂漆。

红木家具的三大流派：
我国古代明清时期各地都生产家具，但精致的家具主产于苏州、广州、北京、宁波等地，尤以苏州、广州、北京制作的家具最为著名，明清家具三大流派：“苏作”广作”和“京作”因此得名。
苏作：格调大方
苏作家具是指以苏作为中心的长江中下游地区所生产的家具。苏做家具历史悠久，名扬中外的明式家具即以苏做家具为主。明代苏作家具格调大方、简练，造型优美，线条流畅，比例适度，精于用材。苏式家具表现为用材精打细算，大件器具往往采用包镶手法，杂木为骨，外贴硬木薄板；小件更是精心琢磨，小件碎料拼接的构件很常见。这种技术费工费时，但都能做到天衣无缝，保持美观。进入清代以后，苏作家具也向富丽豪华方面转变，但逐渐被广式家具超越。

广作：技艺独特
广州地区制作的家具被称为广作家具。广州地处我国门户开放的最前沿，是东南亚优质木材进口的主要通道，同时两广又是中国贵重木材的重要产地。得天独厚的条件促进了广式家具的发展，清中期以后，广作家具异军突起，成为清式家具最著名的产地。广作家具的特点是用材粗壮，造型厚重；用料清一色，互不掺用，豪华气派。结构、造型和装饰上，受西方建筑装饰风格影响较大，多为中西合璧之作，特别值得一提的是，广式家具中镶嵌技艺独特，堪称一绝。

京作：气派豪华
京作家具不是一般的民间用品，而是指宫廷作坊在北京制造的家具，以紫檀、黄花梨和老红木等几种硬木家具为主。由于宫廷造办处财力、物力雄厚，制作家具不惜工本和用料，装饰力求华丽，非其他家具可比，使京作家具形成了气派豪华以及与各种工艺品相结合的特点。另外，由于过分追求豪华装饰，淡化了实用性，甚至使其成为一种摆设，这是京作家具最大的遗憾。

Mahogany furniture daily knowledge
Mahogany is a kind of wood, is the current domestic high-grade furniture wood established a wood of furniture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also the specific material extending, is the classical wood furniture collectively. In general, the so-called mahogany furniture, mainly by means of rosewood, acid sticks of wood, ebony, rosewood, chicken wing wood burl, such as hardwood furniture. The timber has mostly aroma, material itself as purple or red brown. Mahogany furniture in addition to timber stress, work is also very distinctive. Mahogany furniture, mostly by mortise and tenon joint, firm and durable. Fine mahogany furniture, basically by the craftsmen knife saw a plane completed, each drop a knife to pay attention to the whole art of harmony and unity, to let craftsmen rack one's brains. Mahogany wood and eye color, structure and detailed, beautiful patterns, is after long testing and screening of quality timber. With its manufacture of classical Ming and Qing Dynasty furniture products and modern mahogany furniture, mahogany furniture, the "scholar's four jewels" and engraving technology products, both the set of practical, artistic and value in one, and can show the Buddhist master, the literacy status.
In 1, wood: international standard, mahogany materials are divided into 8 categories, namely, rosewood, rosewood, incense sticks of wood, black acerbity branch wood, red acerbity branch wood, ebony, striped ebony and chicken wing wood; in addition to the incense sticks of wood production in China and Hainan, most of the rest is from a Southeast Asian tropical Africa and Latin America imports.
1), rosewood category: Rosewood redwood is the best. The wood is hard, heavy feeling. Face was dark red, the planing surface is a crab claw texture. Exposed to air for a long time after oxidation, gradually become greasy red to purple or red brown color, will never change. Touch delicate feel comfortable.
2), rosewood category: Rosewood and mahogany with sweet, acerbity branch wood form similar, its hard wood, plate depth and Beaver porphyritic pattern, texture have straight oblique or inclined straight and staggered, structure is fine and uniform. Sapwood heartwood logs Tan, reddish brown, long in the air is chestnut red.
3), Grenadilla wood: Grenadilla wood commonly known as old mahogany. The wood is hard and heavy, durable, able to sink in water, wood is pale red, long home in the air gradually become dark red or dark red, with some black spots; finer texture, luster; processing with a with a sour, sweet, named.
4), ebony category: a quiet black wood, delicate and shiny, not easy to deformation, texture will not show. Often used for high-end furniture edge, or chopsticks cartridge, like small, rare in furniture production.
5), wings of wood: Wood wings hard wood, texture like chicken wings feathers, with shades of white markings, and full of luster, texture is very hard, also known as the" stone wood". But because the wood containing fine sand and other impurities, so it is difficult for processing, do good decorative corner materials.
6), the wood are common features of both hard, generally with the nail is very difficult to draw. Currently on the market to rosewood and Grenadilla wood mahogany furniture more common.
2, how to choose the mahogany furniture:
1), generally speaking, a mahogany furniture, little criterion thousands of yuan, go up more million yuan, tens of thousands of dollars, at the time of purchase to the attention of carefully selected.
2), first to identify timber species. The rosewood category is more expensive, but the most common is the rosewood and mahogany furniture Grenadilla wood.
3), secondly to distinguish the material ratio. Annatto home with is all wood materials, some furniture back, roof, bottom plate adopts a mahogany materials, there is only exposed part of the mahogany furniture, mahogany materials or other parts of mahogany veneer. Different materials, the price also should be different.
4), finally pay attention to work is fine. Good mahogany furniture, excellent workmanship, unique design. Buy can pay attention to detail parts of the sculpture is delicate texture.
The maintenance of mahogany furniture: (North China )
Placement and the lower house, the furniture must be appropriate booster; placed in an air conditioned room no, airtight doors and windows should always open the ventilation or in a room, keep a goldfish tank or planting some potted landscapes, flowers and plants, to provide some room humidity. The room the best relative humidity should be in 12% to 16% between.
A good mahogany furniture should be kept dust coating, to keep the furniture cleaning. Maintenance of furniture can rub some liquid on the surface of polishing wax, and then with a dry soft cloth gently wipe back and forth along the wood grain. Prohibited the use of acid, alkali, alcohol, banana water and other irritating solvents, so as not to damage the paint, it should not be used wet cloth or a rough cloth wipe, to reduce the furniture should not have split up phenomenon.
Mahogany furniture should avoid is dry, wet, should not be exposed to the sun, avoid blowing air toward furniture; every three months with a little wax wipe once; with mild soap and water to remove the surface grease, avoid using gasoline, kerosene.
In 1, mahogany indoor furniture placed in the position should stay away from the door, window, vent air flow such as a stronger position, not by the sun.
2, do not put in the heating near the winter, avoid overheating the indoor temperature, generally to the people in the room wearing a sweater feel comfortable margin.
3, spring, autumn, winter three season to maintain indoor air is not dry, appropriate humidifier jet wet, indoor pisciculture, raise a flower can also regulate indoor air humidity.
In summer 4, summer holiday is coming, often should open air humidity, reduce wood moisture expansion, avoiding tenon structure up parts of the wet deformation and cracking.
5, to maintain the furniture, clean, daily clean gauze can wipe the dust. Should not use chemical brightener, lest paint sticky damaged. In order to maintain the brightness of furniture paint, can put walnuts crushed, peeled, and then three oil polishing cloth.
6, Taiwan mahogany furniture panels, in order to protect the film from being scratched, but also show wood grain, usually placed on the table plate glass, and the glass plate and wood table with a small suction cup pad separated. Is not recommended to use a transparent polyethylene crystal plate.
Mahogany furniture scratches processing method:
Use sandpaper to convex edge portion, a little worn, it is important to remember that, sandpaper must buy fine, do not buy too coarse sandpaper, then can use the resin glue is filled in the traces, prepare a mahogany surface with the same color, is color, try not to use a color appear natural. If the surface with paint, then to repair after the last traces of paint.
Mahogany furniture three schools:
China's ancient Ming and Qing Dynasties in all parts of the production of furniture, but exquisite furniture produced in Suzhou, Guangzhou, Beijing, Ningbo and other places, especially in Suzhou, Guangzhou, Beijing most famous for making furniture, furniture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties three schools:" Su"," wide" and" Jing" hence the name.
Sue: style and generous
Su style refers to the Soviet Union as the center of the Yangtze River region of the production of furniture. Su furniture has a long history, famous Chinese Ming style furniture to sue do furniture. For Su Ming Dynasty furniture style and generous, concise, elegant, smooth lines, the proportion of moderate, good timber. Su style furniture to be very careful in reckoning material, major appliance often use embedding technique, Zamu as bone, with hardwood veneer; small is carefully pondering, small particle splicing component is very common. This technique is time-consuming, but can achieve a seamless heavenly robe, maintain appearance. Enter since the Qing Dynasty, Su style to the luxury aspects of transformation, it was gradually wide type furniture beyond.
Wide: unique skills
Guangzhou region of production of furniture is referred to as wide as furniture. Guangzhou is located in China's open door to the forefront, is Southeast Asia quality wood imported main channel, at the same time, and is also an important producer of Chinese precious wood. Be richly endowed by nature conditions promote the Cantonese-style furniture development, after the middle of Qing Dynasty, wide furniture a new force suddenly rises. Qing-style furniture, become the most famous origin. Wide furniture is characterized by thick timber, thick material modeling; uniform, without mixing, luxury style. The structure, shape and decoration, the western architectural style of the impact is bigger, more Chinese and Western works, in particular, Cantonese-style furniture inlaid in the unique skills, one can not.
Jing: luxurious
Beijing furniture is not a general civil supplies, but the court workshops in Beijing manufacturing furniture, rosewood, pear and old mahogany and other hardwood furniture consisting mainly of several. Because the court made the office resources, material resources is abundant, the production of furniture and decorative materials to spare neither labor nor money, gorgeous, other than Beijing furniture, furniture form a luxurious and various crafts combined features. In addition, due to excessive pursuit of luxury decoration, downplaying the practicability, and even make it become a kind of decoration, it is Beijing furniture biggest regret.