阅读理解词义猜测题讲义（老师）.doc

高考阅读理解词义猜测题应试技巧小结
-----从高考看如何做词义猜测题

一．猜测词义题目的提问方式
单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义常常不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。这类题目常见的提问形式有：
1. The word “…” in paragraph… means / can be best replaced by ….
2. The underlined word “….” in the fourth paragraph refers to __________.
3. From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase “…” is/ refers to …
4. The word “…” is closest in meaning to …
5. As used in the passage, the phrase “…” suggests …

二．猜测词义题目做题方法
⑴．针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义或解释说明猜测生词的词义
利用句子中其它词的意义和整个句子的意思来猜测生词。尤其是本句话和其前后两句话，因为上下文可以给学生提供认知线索，把情境与词义联系起来便可猜出它的大概含义，尤其在be或be called等判断词出现的判断句中，生词是被解释说明的表语，或是用来下定义的主语。这是猜测词义的最基本最实用最行之有效的方法之一。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例如：
①（05 湖北卷A段）Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.
由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。
②（04 浙江卷B段）Green building means “reducing the impact (影响) of the building on the land”.
由定义我们可以推断这里 Green building 指的是什么。
2. 定语从句或同位语对其先行词起修饰或解释说明的作用，有助于猜出该先行词的词义。
例如：
① pantomime refers to a short play in which no word are spoken.
根据下文结构，pantomime指得是不出声的短剧，即“哑剧”
②（04 福建卷E段）Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .
According the passage, The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。
3. 有时标点符号中的破折号“——”也可引出起解释说明作用的同位语或具有同义的短语或从句。
This terrible tornado—a wind which went round and round as fast as 500 miles an hour and picked up everything in its path, such as large trees, cars and even houses.
根据破折号后面的句意，可以猜测出tornado意思是“龙卷风”
4. 根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例如：（04 辽宁卷C段）The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.
根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。

㈡ 内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1．据对比关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。
例如：（NMET 2002 E篇）A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean?
A. a party designed by specialists
B. a plan requiring careful thought
C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D. a demand made by guests
根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
2．据比较关系猜测词义
同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例如：Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
3．据因果关系猜测词义
当because, since, as, so, so … that与such … that这些表示因果关系的信息词出现在有生词的句中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分，就能猜出生词的词义，
例如：
① （05上海卷B段）I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”
The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
② （05江西卷D段）Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。
4．根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。一些常见的标志词语：
表示同义词的有or, like , similarly, and ，as well ，either, the same
常见的表示反义词语境的词有：yet, but, unlike, however, although, while, not…but…,instead of…,on the other hand, on the contrary, rather than等。
例如：
① If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”.
根据主句yes ,no 是反义关系，可以看出条件句也是反义，因此dissent,意思为“反对”
② John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty.
根据下文转折连词however可以看出thrifty 是与前文浪费钱相反的意思，既“节约的，节俭的”
③（05 江苏卷E段）William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线）, good and ill together.”
The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了 a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：B。
④（04 湖北卷C段）Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers.
根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins 是一家医疗中心。

㈢ 通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1．根据前缀猜测词义
例如：
① When a wise person misuses his wisdom, he will do great harm to society.
use是利用的意思。mis-否定前缀，因此misuses 意思是“不合理的利用，”
② To quite a great many people, money is an irresistible temptation.
根据构词法和句意，前缀ir-意思是“不，非” resistible 意思是“可抵御的”因此irresistible意思是“不可抵御的”.
③（05江西卷E段）Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。
2．根据后缀猜测词义
例如：（05 广东卷E段）It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．
后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。
3．根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例如：（05 北京卷B段）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。
（04浙江卷D 段）We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists.
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。
综上所述，利用各种已知的信息推测判断生词词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中我们可以根据实际灵活应用上面提到的几种猜词技巧，排除生词的干扰，理解文章的思想，提高阅读速度，同时，提高我们在高考阅读理解中的得分率。

巩固练习：
1. I like that store. All the employees strive to make the customers feel right at home.
Which word is a synonym of “strive”?
a. complain b. try c. fail d. clean
2. This is a clandestine operation. It is extremely important that no one discovers what you’re doing!
A clandestine operation is supposed to be __________.

a. dangerous b. harmful c. exciting d. secret
3. If you don’t recover quickly from your condition, it could become chronic. Then you might have to take medicine for the rest of your life.
If something is chronic, it __________.
a. is very painful b. won’t go away c. makes you smell bad d. isn’t real
4. David hoped that nobody would know that he was in the building. Didn’t he realize that parking his new car in the driveway made his presence rather conspicuous?
If something is conspicuous, it is __________.
a. important b. expensive c. unfortunate d. noticeable
5. Your uncle wouldn’t even part with a dime to help the kids pay for their trip. That’s just one more example of his penurious ways. In contrast, many people who have much less money have donated a great deal to the cause.
What does “penurious” mean?
a. very old b. very wealthy c. very humorous d. very stingy
6. There is a very interesting article about solar storms in the February 14, 2000 issue of Time magazine. It tells about how these disturbances not only affect spacecraft, but can also disrupt terrestrial life. For example, they have even caused automatic garage doors to open in one town.
What does “terrestrial” mean?
a. of or on the planet Earth b. protective of automotive equipment
c. solar d. in or near a pond
7. “Michelle, I’m very upset about what you said,” Rosie stated firmly. “You didn’t come right out and accuse me of eating all your candy. On the other hand, your remarks about my love of chocolate were made for a reason. You are insinuating that I’m the candy thief!”
What does “insinuate” mean?
a. to keep something hot or cold b. to suggest without clearly saying
c. to do something evil d. to protect from disease
8. I think it would help our basketball team, if we allowed girls to play. I’ve seen how Patty has a knack for making the tough shots when they’re needed most. She wants to play on our team and we’d win more games with her help.
What does “knack” mean?
a. to throw or toss b. a hard punch c. a kind of sports bag d. an ability
9. It was a sad and haunting strain that met our ears as we entered the old theater. There was a beauty in the voice that we’d never forget. This would be a special concert.
What does “strain” mean in the context of the selection?
a. effort b. injury c. melody d. filter
10. I want you to weigh his words carefully. He seems sincere and presents his arguments well. There is, however, something that doesn’t quite ring true about the candidate.
What does “weigh” mean in the context of the selection?
a. to measure the mass b. to put pressure on a scale
c. to think about d. to be important
11. Michael is an ardent supporter of his presidential candidate. That became obvious to me when I found out how much time he’s donated to the campaign. Perhaps Michael knows what he’s doing.
What does “ardent” mean in the context of the selection?
a. old b. intelligent c. foolish d. very strong
12. Mary, of course you’re overweight. You eat too much junk food. Even worse, you exercise infrequently.
What does “infrequently” mean?
a. with a frown on one’s face b. at a gym
c. while wearing heavy clothes d. not often
13. Kim was a very good substitute teacher. She liked working with third and fourth graders most of all. She especially liked discussing important current events issues with the kids. She had expected them to be indifferent to such grown-up topics as taxes and social security. She was pleasantly surprised to discover that they were really interested in those issues and wanted to learn more about them.
a. similar b. very unusual c. not caring d. gross
14. Mr. Burke stood before his employees. They had never seen him in such a serious mood. “I would be remiss if I didn’t tell you that your future with this company depends on how hard you work,” he stated firmly.
a. a girl again b. honest and trustworthy c. important d. not responsible
15. “I am going to rescind the permission I gave you to use my toys!” T. J. announced angrily. “I thought you would take good care of them, but I was wrong!”
a. repeat b. celebrate c. continue d. cancel
16. I am working very hard for the same candidate that you support. You are doing it for pay. I’m not doing this for money. I’m doing it out of conviction.
a. being found guilty b. strong belief c. anger d. a desire to eat prunes
17. Ashlee was not happy with her friend Samantha. “I’ve been waiting here for an hour!” she growled into her cell phone. “You’d better hie yourself over here,” she continued, “or we’ll leave without you.
a. hurry, or hasten b. stroll, or walk slowly
c. float above the trees d. greet in an unfriendly manner
18. When Beth and Donna were fighting over a boy who didn’t like either one of them, Shana stepped in as a mediator. She sat them both in a corner and kept them talking to each other. Finally, Shana’s efforts resulted in her two friends making up.
a. troublemaker b. peacemaker c. witness d. competitor
19. No one suspected that Jerry was a spy. On the surface he behaved like any normal citizen. When his covert activity was discovered and announced to the world, we were all shocked.
a. friendly b. helpful c. loud d. hidden
20. The workers stood in front of the factory and wondered what to do next. The doors were locked and the windows were boarded up. They doubted that they would even collect their final pay checks now that the company was insolvent.
a. broke, or out of money b. hiring new workers
c. changing a name d. making too much money

参考答案：
1-5 B D B D D 6-10 A B D C C
11-15 D D C D D 16-20 B A B D A