倪维斗院士中国煤炭清洁高效利用之路.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2019/11/20,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,中国,煤炭清洁高效利用,之路,倪维斗,中国工程院院士,清华大学热能工程系教授,二一五年十一月,中国,西安,提纲,Contents,一、,能源与环境形势严峻,1.Severe Situation of Energy and Environment,二、,煤炭清洁高效转化,2.Clean and Efficient Transformation of Coal,2,2010,2020,2030,2050,一次能源消费总量,(10,8,tce/a),32.5,45,55,65,2010 2050,累计煤炭消费,1000*10,8,tce,From 20102050,the cumulative amount consumption of coal more than 100,bt,一次能源消费预测,Forecast,of,consumption of primary energy in,china,=1.25,=1.0,=0.5,Renewable energy,Nuclear power,Natural gas,Oil,Coal,要点：,Importance Point,1.,煤,仍为主力,能源,Up,to 2050 coal is still the,dominant,energy,in,china,2.2013,年我国人均能源消费量约为,2.6 tce/a,，远低于美、德、法、日等,国,The consumption per capita by 2013 is 2.6 tce/a,much less USA,Germany,France,Japan,3.,预计,2030,年我国人均能源消费量,4 tce/a,（预计人口,14,亿,）,According to the prediction by year 2030,per capita,consumption,energy,will,be 4,tce/a,数据来源：工程院,中国能源中长期（,2030,、,2050,）发展战略研究，,2011,3,中国,CO,2,排放,CO,2,Emission in China,CO,2,排放峰值出现时间,2030,2035,2040,峰值（亿吨,CO,2,/,年）,80,90,100,在,2030,年后大幅度减排,CO,2,主要还是靠煤的清洁低碳利用,！,Clean Coal Technology is doomed to be the most important solution for the reduction of CO2 emission in China after 2030,4,数据来源：,中国,工程院,中国能源中长期（,2030,、,2050,）发展战略研究，,2011,Coal,Oil,Natural gas,CO,2,emission 0.1,B t,应对全球气候变化，国际上可能留给中国的,CO,2,排放空间已经非常小,应及早主动应对而不是被动减排,The time for mitigation emission of CO2 to meet the Climate Change requirement is quite,short.We,must enhance the implementation the measures of,mitigation,2050,年总目标（,Target,in 2050),：控制全球温升在,23,内,，,全球,CO,2,总排放需比,1990,年减少,50%,左右，只能排放,104,亿吨,。,If control the temperature raise within 23 by 2050,，,the world reduction of CO,2,emission should be reduce to 50%of 1990,that is,only 10.4 gt could be emitted.,2014,年,中美气候变化联合声明,:,美国，,2025,年实现在,2005,年基础上减排,26%,28%,。,中国，,2030,年碳排放达到峰值，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重提高到,20%,左右。,双方均计划继续努力并随时间而提高力度。,According to the US-Sino Declaration in 2014,China must reach the CO2 emission peak in 2030,and the percentage of renewable energy in total energy should reach 20%.,CO,2,减排是自己和国际上的需要，还是国际上对我国发展的制约？是否真心想减排？,5,不可改变的事实,Some Unchangeable Facts,煤现在是、将来仍是我国能源的主力。,Coal is the dominant primary energy of China not only at present but also in future.,66.6%,50%,The percentage from 67%down to 50%by 2030,煤炭是中国最重要的能源，生产和消费的数量大、比重高，短期内难以替代。,煤用于发电的比例将越来越大。,从目前的,49.8%,上升到,70%,以上，绝对量的增加更大。,The percentage of coal used for power,generation,should,be raised from 50%(,at present,)to more than 70%.,煤的直接燃烧已引起严重的环境污染。,The environmental pollution caused by coal direct combustion are very severe.,70%80%,以上的,SO,2,，NO,X,，汞，颗粒物，,CO,2,等。,More than 70%80%of SO,2,NO,X,Hg,particulate matter,etc.CO,2,etc.,煤的直接燃烧很难解决温室气体减排问题。,When,direct,combustion,of coal,It is difficult to solve the problem of significant reduction,of CO,2,emission.,数据来源：中国能源统计年鉴，,2013,6,煤炭占我国探明化石能源储量的,94%,，以煤为主的能源格局在相当长时间内难以改变，可持续发展的出路在于高效清洁利用（包括CCUS,）。,Because coal will be the dominant energy in china,the sustainable development of energy is the clean and efficient utilization of coal(including CCUS),2013,年我国煤炭消费,37.5,亿吨,（包括进口,2.9,亿吨），其中用于发电（含热电联产）为,18.3,亿吨,，仅占总消费量的,49.8%,。,In 2013,coal consumption in china 3.75 bt,for power generation-1.83bt,only 49.8%of total.,2012,年世界煤炭消费中用于发电的比例约为,53.5%,，更低于美国,98%,和德国,89%,的水平。,It is too low,the world average coal consumption,for power generation is 53.5%,USA98%,Germany89%.,数据来源：中国能源统计年鉴，,2013,7,不可改变的事实,Some,Unchangeable,Facts,电是最清洁、最高效，最便于配送和输运（网络化），最便于分布式应用，最易于和其他能源协同，最易于控制和高度智能化，最易于和信息技术高度融合（互联网能源）,的二次能源。,Electricity is the secondary energy of,Most clean and efficient,Most easy for distribution and transmission(to form,network,),Most easy for distributed utilization,Most easy to synergy with other kinds of energy,Most easy for control and to form intelligent grid,Most easy to combine with information technology(energy network).,电在现今人类的衣食住行中起到越来越大的作用。,Electricity is playing more and more important role in human life(heating with heat pump,electrical vehicles,high-speed train).,8,至,2014,年底，全国发电装机容量,13.6,亿千瓦,，人均,1,千瓦,（,2013,年美国,3.4,千瓦,），如将来做到人均,2,千瓦,，约达,27,亿千瓦,，电力发展空间很大。,At the time being,total installed capacity is1360 GW,1 kw/capita(in US 3.4 kw/capita).China in future will be 2kw/capita,the installed capacity of electricity should be 2800GW,very significant room for further development of electricity.,9,党领导下的法制社会,（中国特色社会主义）,苏维埃政权,电气化,20,世纪,20,年代列宁提出,共产主义,21,世纪的中国,电气化,全面建成小康社会中等发达国家）,socialismwithChinesecharacteristics,Soviet system,electrification,In 20,th,of last century,communism,Present century,To complete a better-off society or Middle,developed,country,or realization of Chinese Dream,electrification,列宁,Lenin,煤炭清洁高,效转化的途径,Ways of Clean Coal Technology,先进的燃煤发电技术,Advanced coal-fired power generation technology,进一步提高能效，减少排放,more efficient and less emission,例如：上海外高桥第三发电厂,e.g,Shanghai Ygaoqiao 3rd power plant.,IGCC,煤基多联产能源系统技术,Coal based Poly-generation Technology,系统过程集成，物质和能量多维度梯级利用,Process Integration,Muti-dimentional Cascade Utilization of matter and energy,甲醇电多联产系统,Methanol/Electricity Poly-generation system,10,I.,上海外高桥第三发电厂的先进指标,The a,dvanced index of 3,rd,power,plant of Ygaoqiao,原世界运行效率最高的丹麦,Nordjylland,电厂,3,号,411MW,两次再热、低温海水冷却机组，,2009,年供电煤耗（不含供热）,286.08,克,/,千瓦时（净效率,42.93%,），平均发电负荷率,89%,。折合,75%,负荷率下的供电煤耗,288.48,克,/,千瓦时。,平均负荷率,75%,75%,74%,81%,77%,年平均运行供电煤耗（含脱硫、脱硝）,Annual net coal consumption(including desulfurization and denitration,全国发电平均煤耗,321gce/kWh,National average net coal consumption is 321gce/kWh in 2013,11,外三当前的实际运行性能,Currant operating performance,of,Ygaoqiao,在全年平均负荷率为,75-81%,的条件下，其实际全年平均供电煤耗（包括脱硫和脱硝）,276gce/kWh,，折算到额定负荷下的供电煤耗为,264gce/kWhNet coal consumption of 276gce/kWh at an average load rate of 7581%,amount to 264gce/kWh in nominal load.,全,年平均实际供电效率（包括脱硫和脱硝）为,44.5%,，,折算至额定负荷工况，则供电效率应为,46.5%,。,Annual average power supply efficiency is 44.5%,amount to 46.5%in nominal load.,排放浓度,emission,粉尘排放,dust,：,7.55mg/m,3,；,二氧化硫,SO,2,：,17.7mg/m,3,；,氮氧化物,NO,x,：,15.19mg/m,3,厂用电率（额定负荷）,Auxiliary power ratio,：,2.0%,已达到气体燃料的排放指标,Similar to the emission index of gas fuel,12,根本问题是,CO,2,的捕捉与处理，这是外三模式所不能处理的问题,。,The key point is CO2 capture and storage,the,Ygaoqiao mode cant be solved.,1350MW,、二次再热、超超临界机组高低位分轴布置汽轮发电机组,1350MW,double reheat,super-heat,parameter with two-shaft,arrangement,设计参数,：,design parameters,额定功率,design output,：,1350,MW,主蒸汽流量：,3229,T/h,，最大,3416,T/h,主蒸汽压力,/,一次,/,二次再热蒸汽压力：,30,MPa/,9.17,MPa/,2.25,MPa,主蒸汽温度,/,一次,/,二次再热蒸汽温度：,600,/,610,/,620,冷却水温：,19,13,自主产权成果：高低位分轴布置的汽轮发电机组,The new version of coal fired steam power plant,技术目标：Technical index,在成熟的,600,o,C,参数下，目标为,Steam temperature keeps 600,o,C,能耗,指标,Energy consumption,发电效率,efficiency of generation,50.75%,发电净效率（含脱硫、脱硝,）,net efficiency(includeing deSO,X,and deNO,X,),48.92,%,供电标准,煤耗,net coal consumption,251g/KWh,环保,指标,emission,SO,2,排放浓度,15mg/m,3,NO,X,排放浓度,20mg/m,3,烟尘,(dust),排放,浓度,5mg/m,3,14,自主产权成果：高低位分轴布置的汽轮发电机组,The new version of coal fired steam power plant,燃煤超超临界蒸汽电站不一定是煤高效利用的唯一重点方向,The USC is not the only way for clean and efficient utilization of coal,欧盟,AD700,计划（,37.5MPa/700,/720,，,=5255%,），此工作自,1998,年在欧盟国家已开展了,10,余年，至今未商业化,。,The AD 700 programe,already have lasted more than10 years,but still not,commercialization.,使用大量昂贵的合金材料，其根本原因在于锅炉是外燃式，高温烟气要通过管壁来加热工质。我国,28MPa,、,600,超超临界参数锅炉所用的材料,P91,、,P92,主要靠进口，,1000MW,级机组锅炉成本约,5,亿，其中,2.5,亿用于进口材料。目前已运行的超超临界锅炉已发生过热器蒸汽侧管道较严重的腐蚀问题，其机理不明。,Unidentified of large amount of expensive alloys for boiler and turbines.,若要进一步提高蒸汽温度（如,720,或以上）和相应压力，在材料方面会有更高的要求，这种高级合金的每单位装机所用数量是相对比较大的，材料的价格是一大关键。,Increasing the inlet,temperature,of steam,more and more,higher requirements of materials needed,it is key.,15,煤直接燃烧，从烟气里收集,CO,2,代价很大。,High valve of energy and finance should be paid to capture the CO,2,from exhaust gas of coal fired power plants,烟气中,CO,2,浓度低（浓度大约,1314%,，,7080%,都是氮气）、压力低、处理的烟气体积流量大，因而能耗大（分离和再生过程均是耗能的）。,Because of low density of CO,2,in exhaust gas(7080%is nitrogen),low pressure.,按目前的技术，,CO,2,捕捉和埋存使整个燃煤发电效率降低,11,个百分点，投资将增加,1,倍。原来发电效率是,45%,，则加上,CO,2,捕捉、埋存环节会降为,34%,。,According to present technology CO,2,capture will lower the efficiency of power generation about 11%points.,随着环保要求越来越高，尾部烟气所需脱除的污染物标准越来越严，除,SO,2,、,NO,X,、,Hg,、,PM,2.5,，进一步还有,CO,2,（在直接燃烧条件下脱除要耗费较大能源和成本）,With more and more stringent environmental requirement,the cost of emission reduction is increasing.,燃煤超超临界蒸汽发电从技术、经济（价格）、常规污染物的脱除,、,CO,2,减,排上都具有一定先天性的缺陷,。,So,the,direct coal combustion has inherent drawback in reduction of conventional,CO,2,emission.,16,燃煤超超临界蒸汽电站不一定是煤高效利用的唯一重点方向,The USC is not the only way for clean and efficient utilization of coal,II.IGCC,（,Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle,）,IGCC,系统的热效率为,44%,The thermal efficiency of,IGCC is about 44%,华能公司在天津建成一套,200MW,的,IGCC,电站,Huanen Corp already constructed 200MW IGCC in,Tianjin.,IGCC,系统复杂，首套造价,12000,￥,/kW,，超临界约为,￥,4000/kW,。,Very complex system,the cost about 12000,￥,/kW(only,￥,4000/kW for super-critical steam power plant),来自空分,设备,oxygen from ASU,合成气,syngas,CO+H2,燃气,1400,o,C,17,stack,gasifier,gas,heatrecoveryboiler,gasturbine,steamturbine,desulfuration,sulphur,ash,IGCC,（,Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle,）,捕捉,CO,2,较容易,easier for CO,2,capture,合成气压力高,high pressure of,syngas,，,3 4MPa,CO,2,浓度高,high density of CO,2,，,40%,由于单位装机投资较大，所以以气化为基础的,IGCC,只用于发电在经济上有较大问题，暂不适合推广Because,of the high capital investment,IGCC only for power generation at present is not,suitable,for large scale dissemination.,18,shift,合成气,syngas,CO+H,2,（从气化炉,来,from,gasifier,）,蒸汽,CO,2,H,2,燃烧室,steam,Combustion chamber,III.,多联产：资源,/,能源,/,环境一体化能源系统,Poly-generation:modern synergetic utilization of coal,多联产产品：,1,、城市煤气,coal gas,2,、电力,power,3,、热,/,冷,heating/refrigerating,4,、液体燃料,liquid fuel,5,、化工产品,Chemical products,6,、氢气,Hydrogen,7,、纯,CO,2,pure CO,2,19,多联产：多维度梯级利用,Poly-generation:cascade,utilization,of energy a materials,过程相互耦合，实现,能量流、物质流、流,等总体优化,Coupling of all process,optimization of energy,materials and exergy flows,氢碳比合理优化利用,（若是一股脑烧掉太可惜）,rational utilization of,carbon hydrogen,尽量减少“无谓”的化学放热过程,（,Shift,）,M,inimize,the chemical,unnecessaries thermal process,热量的梯级利用,（过程内部和燃气,/,蒸汽联合循环）,C,ascade utilization of heat(different steam and gas cycles),压力潜力的充分利用,（高压反应、各种膨胀,）,Fully use of pressure potential(different kinds of extenders),物质的充分利用,（如,CO,2,）,Fully,use of,materials(,CO,2,),电力与化工在运行中可起相互调峰的作用,Power,generation and,Chemicals production can play the role of,peak-valley compensation,20,多联产：能量与物质梯级利用,Poly-generation:,Cascade Utilization,of,Energy and Materials,按化工生产与动力过程的耦合方式：,According the Coupling mode of power generation and chemical production,并,联、串联,Parallel connection,series connection,有,无水煤气变换,with/without shift process,有无反应气循环,with/without recirculation of reactive gases,21,气化,炉,gasifier,合成气,净化,Gas cleaning,甲醇合成,燃气轮机,gasturbine,空,分系统,ASU,甲醇,精馏,methanolreactor,余热,锅炉,heatrecoveryboiler,蒸汽,轮机,steamturbine,shift,煤,coal,空气,air,合成气,syngas,纯氧,O,2,氮气,N,2,甲醇,methanol,电力,electricity,反应气,循环,recirculation,水煤气变换,并联,Parallel connection,串联,series,connection,22,通过过程集成，联产系统可以在能量利用上获得收益,Via integration of process,Poly-generation system is beneficial in energy,and,material use.,评价指标,-节,能,率,：,联产系统原料消耗与单独系统原料消耗（产出相同）相比的下降率,Indexenergy conservation rate:the raw material consumption of,poly-generation in comparison with that of standalone production.,与单产系统相比，并联系统中获得的节煤收益甚微；而串联系统的节煤效果显著，特别是串联无变换系统，节煤率能够达到,8%,。,In comparison with standalone production,the poly-generation system in series with shift is the best,the energy conservation rate is up to 8%,Energy,conservation rate,Parallel connected,series connected,without transformation,series connected,with full transformation,多联产：能量与物质梯级利用,Poly-generation:,Cascade Utilization,of,Energy and Materials,23,从物质利用角度，最终转化为化学产品的元素定义为被有效利用。,From point of view of material use,the element which is finally transformed to chemicalsso called:efficient material use rate.,通过过程集成，串联系统的碳元素利用率和氢元素利用率均优于并联。,与串联完全变换系统相比，无变换系统的物质利用率较高，特别是氢元素利用率有明显地提高,。,Via integration,poly-generation in series has the better carbon and hydrogen element use.,综合考虑能量利用和物质转化水平因素，无变换、一次通过的串联系统性能最优,Conclusion:From energy and material use,once through poly-generation system in series is the best.,Utilization rate of carbon,Utilization rate of hydrogen,多联产：能量与物质梯级利用,Poly-generation:Cascade Utilization of Energy and Materials,Ratio of electricity and methanol,Ratio of electricity and methanol,24,多联产：能效进一步提升,Poly-generation:,further,increase of efficiency,伴随单元技术进步，多联产能效可以进一步地提升,Alongside with the technology advancement,the efficiency of poly-generation system could be further increased.,火用,效率,exergy,efficiency,串联无变换一次通过,45.5%,in series without shift once-through,25,A,：高温合成气净化技术,（尽可能利用合成气的高温显热）,New technology of high temperature syngas cleaning(more through utilization of sensible heat of syngas),串联无变换一次通过,45.5%,49.3%,高温净化技术,火用,效率,exergy,efficiency,New technology of high temperature syngas cleaning,多联产：能效进一步提升,Poly-generation:,further,increase of efficiency,26,B,：离子膜分离制氧技术,（降低制氧的能耗）,Ion membrane separation for oxygen production(to reduce the energy consumption of oxygen production,串联无变换一次通过,45.5%,49.3%,50.1%,高温净化技术,膜分离制氧技术,火用,效率,exergy,efficiency,oxygen,production with,membrane,多联产：能效进一步提升,Poly-generation:,further,increase of efficiency,27,C,：,1700,o,C,燃气轮机技术,（提高热功转换水平）,High temperature gas turbine technology(increase the transformation efficiency of heat cycle),串联无变换一次通过,45.5%,53.0%,49.3%,50.1%,高温净化技术,膜分离制氧技术,1700,o,C,燃机技术,火用,效率,exergy,efficiency,多联产：能效进一步提升,Poly-generation:,further,increase of efficiency,28,D,：水煤浆预热技术,（减少煤浆中水的汽化潜热，降低氧耗,）,preheat technology coal-water slurry in gasifier(reduce the heat for evaporization of water in slurry in gasifier,串联无变换一次通过,45.5%,53.0%,57.3%,49.3%,50.1%,高温净化技术,膜分离制氧技术,1700,o,C,燃机技术,水煤浆预热技术,多联产：能效进一步提升,Poly-generation:,further,increase of efficiency,火用,效率,exergy,efficiency,Coal slurry,preheat technology,29,多联产：综合解决我国能源问题的重要方案,Poly-generation:comprehensive solution of the,energy,problem in china,有助于缓解能源总量要求,Beneficial for reduction of energy total amount,联合生产多种产品，效率提高可以减少总量需求；采用高硫煤拓展了煤炭资源的利用。,Poly-generation of different kinds of product,higher efficiency,utilization of coal of high sulphur content,有助于缓解液体燃料短缺,Mitigation of shortage of liquid fuel,可以大规模地生产甲醇、二甲醚、,F-T,合成油和氢等替代燃料，缓解石油进口压力。,彻底解决燃煤污染问题,To solve the emission problems thoroughly,完全消除常规燃煤污染物排放，重金属等痕量污染物脱除更经济。,30,有助于解决快速城市化引起的小城镇和农村洁净能源问题：,Solve the problems of energy supply in the light of rapid urbanization,为具有天然气管道的城镇提供城市煤气,煤制,DME,可以作为,LPG,的补充或替代物，很可能是小城镇尤其是住宅高度分散的农村地区的重要解决方案,To supply the syngas for small towns and especially the highly urbane parts,满足未来减排,CO,2,的需要,To satisfy the CO,2,reduction with lower cost,煤气化系统可以以较小的成本捕捉,CO,2,在煤的清洁高效利用方面电化共轨有很大潜力，是重要方向,Electricity/chemical common rail has large potential in clean and efficient coal,utilization,多联产：综合解决我国能源问题的重要方案,Poly-generation:comprehensive solution of the,energy,problem in china,理论上，,CO,2,是一种潜在的能源。那么是否存在将,CO,2,转化利用同时输出能量的,CO,2,利用方法？,能量输出,高附加值的产物,“燃烧”,CO,2,的,反应装置,？,CO2,减排问题：矿化发电,发电,数据来源,：四川大学研究成果，,2015,思路：将,CO,2,矿化过程,的,化学能转化为电能,，同时联产具有高附加值的,化学产品,。,CO,2,矿化过程是将