阶梯教室建筑分析 英文.doc

In generally,amphitheatre is usually constructed in university, is also seen in some middle and primary school. Before the expansion, stairs classroom is generally, self-sustaining, built in a particular place, with the university of enrollment expansion, now a lot of university classroom has been turned into amphitheatre, stairs classroom began to enter into the building to inside, especially a few class are in a classroom, we often in a big classroom. The professor should be equipped with wireless microphones, otherwise the lecture sound pressure among students must not rumor.
阶梯教室一般多见于大学，在一些中小学也可见。在扩招以前,阶梯教室一般是自成体系,建在特定的地方，随着大学的扩招,现在很多大学的教室都改成了阶梯教室，阶梯教室开始进入到教学楼里面,特别是几个班一块上课的时候,大家经常在一个大的教室里。授课教授需配备无线麦克风，否则其讲课声音必定压不住学生间的私语。
The modern stairs classroom more equipped with projectors, speakers and other multimedia combination,whitch is generally using in teaching public class. Usually stairs classroom don't be taken as individual class fixed classrooms but public, so spare time the amphitheatre will be changed to do free self-study the classroom, or by the activities of class (such as a class meeting) flexiblely be in requisition. But the biggest characteristic is in the shape of a flight of stairs floor is increasing gradually, the farther away from the platform, the higher the ground, and the higher the seat that led away from the platform, students who seats behind can clearly see the blackboard and platform, and won't be in front of the students block view.
现代的阶梯教室多配备有投影仪、音箱等多媒体组合，一般在讲授公开课时使用。一般情况下阶梯教室不做个别班级的固定教室而是公用，因此空闲时可做自由自习教室，或者由有活动的班级（例如召开班会）灵活征用。但其最大特点在于其地板是阶梯状逐渐升高的，离讲台越远，地面越高，从而座椅就越高，这样就使得远离讲台、座位靠后的学生能够清楚地看见黑板和讲台，而不会被前排学生挡住视线。
This classroom is the Boshi building of No. 2003 the classroom, which is designed by the yunnan architectural design institute, builted in 2003, in September putting into using. Large area is 20x 16 ㎡, horizon level is rectangular shape, can accommodate 250 people, and even hold an age of the students, and can increase the right amount of spare seat.
该教室是博识楼2003号教室，由云南省建筑设计院设计，2003年建成，当年9月投入使用。面积为20×16㎡，平面形状为矩形，能容纳250人，甚至容纳一个年纪的学生，并可以增加适量的备用座位。
The classroom shape bay is reasonable, the structure is simple, shorten the farthest stadia, which is helpful to set of teaching facilities; Seat decorated compact, reasonable arrangement, seating convenient, is suit for writing, the ground standard is not make the increased back seats kept out by the front row, the classroom’s ground have certain slope rises,made into stepped-weir, in front of 3 row make flat ground. The gradient of floor is1:6. Seat dislocation is arranged, elevated level 120 mm. When you sit in the last row, can see the blackboard from the ground 120 mm position.
教室体型开间合理，结构简单，缩短最远视距，便于设置电教设施；座位布置紧凑、排列合理，就座方便、宜于书写，地面升高标准不使后排座位受前排的遮挡，教室地面有一定升起坡度，成阶梯形，前3排做成平地面。地面坡度大于1：6。座位错位排列，逐级升高120mm。当你坐在最后一排，能够看到黑板距地面120mm的位置。

错列排放

The sound quality is influence of the classroom room shape. Interior acoustic field distribution uniformity, no voice blank area, echo each sound gathered wait for a phenomenon. Audio-visual and the whole class the classroom equipped with electronic teaching means, with a computer, projection device, the slides, combination speakers, curtain four activity type the blackboard. The layout of electronic equipments, do not affect indoor poured activities and cause electronic teaching means should work in the mutual interference, and equipped with using two or more kinds of teaching means in teaching. Profile ceiling is also designed to high-carbon, along with the change of the floor surface changes. Generally speaking, easy to have the concave focus, the acoustic field distribution uneven, raised face sound diffusion surface, won't produce gathered, the acoustic field distributed in averagy.
房间形状对教室的音质影响很大。室内声场分布均匀，无声音空白区、回声/声聚集等现象。视听及全班教室装备有电教教学手段，设有电脑、投影器、幻灯机、组合音箱、幕布四块活动式黑板。电教设备的布置，不影响室内人流的活动及造成电教手段在工作时的相互干扰，同时配备使用两种以上教学手段的教学。剖面顶棚也是设计成阶梯形状，伴随楼板的变化面变化。一般而言，凹面易产生聚焦，声场分布不均匀，凸面声扩散面，不会产生聚集，声场分布均匀。

声音分散

Indoor owners a good learning environment. Daylighting and lighting is appropriate, desk surface and the blackboard surface requirements and the same illuminance common, with the means of teaching in the teaching, the desk surface intensity of illumination meets the requirement. On both sides of the classroom has three large Windows, solve the indoor ventilated and take a breath. Indoor each surface all is white, reflectivity low, reduce light on the surface of the reflection action.
室内具有良好的学习环境。采光与照明适宜，课桌面及黑板面照度要求与普通相同，在用电教手段进行教学时，课桌面照度符合要求。教室两侧设有三个大型窗子，解决室内的通风与换气。室内各表面均为白色，反射率低，减少光对各表面的反射作用。
Building are constructed to the environment locally by enclosing space and structures give strength and stiffness to the enclosing elements.
建筑是与周围局部空间一起构成的。同时还要有足够的强度和刚度。
As the structure is of reinforced concrete, a heavyweight material,the self-weight of the structure is a major load. What are loads? The sources of loads are gravity, the wind，the snow，the use of the space and earthquake load. Gravity and use will apply . Wind，snow useful load and earthquake will apply loads at right-angles and front-angles to the roof and walls.
由于结构是钢筋混凝土,一个重量级的材料,因其自重造成的结构是一个重要的负荷。负荷是什么?重力载荷、风、雪、活荷载及地震荷载。如下是风、雪、活荷载及地震荷载在前面及左面的作用。

总的荷载

Although all these loads are applied to the building at various times,not all the loads will be applied simultaneously,so the structure must be safe under all load combinations. Loadcase 1 :Maximum vertical load on the roof and floor. Loadcase 2:Minimum vertical load on the roof plus wind load on the end elevation. Loadcase 3:Minimum vertical load on the roof and floor plus wind load on the end elevation.
尽管所有这些负载作用于建筑在不同的时期,并不是所有的负荷都会同时作用于建筑上，但结构在任何时候考虑所有荷载都必须是安全的。荷载情况1:作用在屋顶和楼板上的最大竖向荷载。荷载情况2: 作用在屋顶上最小的垂直荷载加上风荷载。荷载情况3: 作用下屋面板和楼板最少的竖向荷载加上风荷载。
Because of the structure for each loadcase may be different so has to be applied to each loadcase. As the space is three dimensional,the structure has to be three dimensional, however each element is either one or two dimensional and will act as one-dimensional or two-dimensional structures. For this structure ,the elements can be identified as one or two dimensional and so can their actions.
因为每一个荷载情况的结构可能不同。所以不得不把荷载情况都考虑到。作为空间三维结构必须是三维的然而每一个元素都作为一维或二维的结构。对于结构，每个构件可以看成是一个或两个空间分析他们的受力。
It may seem odd that two-dimensional elements like the roof sheeting or the floor units act as one-dimensional structures,but this is because of way they are connected to the rest of the structure. Before each load path is identified,the structural behaviour,and of each element can be clarified.
看起来奇怪的是二维的成分如屋顶薄膜或楼板可以作为一维结构的行为,但这是因为他们与其它结构的连接。在每个荷载路径识别之前，结构特性及各元素需要认清。
The floor of the permanent load and useful load are carried by the top of beam, the upper portion of the beam transfers the load to the foundation through the pillars.
楼顶的永久荷载和变化荷载传递给顶部的梁，上部的梁再把荷载通过柱子传递给下部的基础。
The three-dimensional frame has axial forces with bending moments and shear forces at the stiff joints. The space frame resists load by axial forces in the individual members ,the top and bottom members resisting the bending push and pull forces and the diagonal members resisting the shear and the bending.
三维的框架结构承受轴向力、弯矩，结点的剪力。空间框架通过每个单独的构件抵抗轴向的荷载。顶和底部的构件抵抗弯矩的拉力和压力，结点抵抗剪力和弯矩。

框架荷载

The slab resists the loads by internal forces of bending moments and shear forces like a beam.
通过板抵抗荷载通过内力的弯矩和剪切力，像一根横梁一样。

板荷载

Frames action is dependent on‘stiff’ joints and these joints are able to resist bending moments. This stiffness is readily achiveved with in situ reinforced concrete by placing reinforcing bars throuht the joint for the push/pull forces.
框架是依赖于刚性框架的节点。这些关节能抵抗弯矩。刚性是由原位钢筋混凝土实现的，通过设置混凝土柱来产生拉力和压力。

结点荷载

The main role of the foundations is to alter the stress level. As the ground below the structure is usually weaker than the structural materials,the stress level has to be reduced. In the case of this building the foundations also have to provide weight against uplift and resistance to horizontal forces. The horizontal forces due to side wind and earthquake are resisted by friction on the underside of the foundations and earth pressure on the sides of the foundations.
地基主要的作用是改变了地基应力水平。在地面以下结构通常小于结构材料，应力水平将有所降低。这幢楼的基础，必须提供隆起和水平的力量。由于来自横向的水平风、地震荷载被基础与地基的反力抵消。

地基荷载

Because concrete is heavyweight material,concrete structures rarely have problems of overall stability. Also stresses in concrete structures are usually quite low which means the elements have to be stocky to carry the loads ,so they are rarely slender enough to initiate collapse by buckling.
因为混凝土是重量级的资料,混凝土结构的整体稳定很少有问题。同时也强调是混凝土结构中的压力通常很小，这就意味构件不得不很结实，以抵抗荷载。所以构件很少是细长，防止初始失稳破坏。