避免“大意失荆州”的解题窍门.doc

避免“大意失荆州”的解题窍门
河南省确山一高教学督导室高级教师 刘敬业
一、避免“思维定势，走马观花”
考试不仅是对知识的考查，也是对能力及心理素质的考查。每次考试，总有一些学生因试题潜藏着某种迷惑性而答题失误。有些试题看上去与平时学习中所接触的试题差不多。答题时有的学生对试题及选项“走马观花”，觉得很容易，便产生了松懈大意的心理，从而导致“大意失荆州”。
【考题再现】
1．Mary kept weighing herself to see how much she was getting.
A. heavier B. heavy C. the heavier D. the heaviest
2．I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with .
A. everything B. anything C. something D. nothing
【解题反思】不少同学看完题就认为容易，依据他们“熟悉”的语法理论思考，题1直接选B，忽视了语境中was getting的渐变性，正确答案应选A。题2因为平时受anything用于否定句中的影响，麻痹心理使之不再做进一步分析，忽视题干中的most，but 两个重要的信息，从而得出先B 项的错误答案。其实该题正确答案是A。
要善于避免思维定势才能突破“大意失荆州”。思维定势就是在已有知识和经验的基础上用习惯了的思维方式去考虑问题。这种经验和习惯使自己对貌似相同的问题作出似乎顺理成章的判断，导致错误。
二、避免“眼高手低”
只对课本知识熟烂于心不是目的，要善于“到什么山，唱什么歌”，灵活驾驭知识才是能力的真实展示。例如：
【考题再现】
Canada is larger than country in Asia .
A. any B. any other C. other D. another
【解题反思】在平时的训练或课本中，大量例句都是这样练习的：Tom is taller than any other student in our class. 所以，不少同学认为上面的考题只不过是学习过的英语句子的变种。其实这是一道有新意的“旧题”，命题人的用心是良苦的。因为这道题所表达的内容不再是同一范围相比较了，继续用同一范围内相比较的理论做题，当然出错。故此题正确答案是A而不是B。
三、避免“忽视隐含条件”
有的试题常含有一些隐含条件，挖掘之是正确解题的关键。能透过现象看出本质就不会陷入误区。例如：
【考题再现】
—Do you remember he came ?
—Yes, I do, he came by car .
A. how B. when C. that D. if
【解题反思】这道题就含有一个拖后的而又是解题关键的隐含条件by car，he came by car暗示提问人关心的是他是怎么样的来的，故唯一选择只能是how。
四、避免“混淆细微差异”
务必对常见的同义词、同义词组、相似句型、相似结构了如指掌，知其然，也知其所以然。
【考题再现】
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out .（NMET97）
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
【解题反思】从表面上看could，was able to 都可以用，因为有这样的说法：I could (或was able to) run very fast when I was a boy. 但是题干暗示了“在讲话之前的时间是发生了火灾，人们成功地逃脱了出来”这一隐含条件，就只能用was able to。表示过去一次得以做成某事时不用could，而用was/were able to. 其意义相当于managed to 或succeeded in。再如：
五、避免“汉式英语思维”
了解东西方文化的差异，东西方文化有其各自不同的内涵，而我们在学习的过程中受汉语思维的影响，结果出现自己的思维不符合英语的思维模式。平时要加强阅读，它不但可以增加我们的词汇量，而且能培养我们的英语语感，更好地掌握英语的表达方式，不自觉地就走进英语世界，从而逐渐克服中国式英语的产生。
【考题再现】
—You haven't been to Beijing, have you ?
— . How I wish to go there .
A. Yes, I have B. Yes, I haven't C. No, I have D. No, I haven't
【解题反思】答案是D。B 项答案具有极大的迷惑性。从答语How I wish to go there.可知应是否定的。但是在回答反意疑问句时，汉英说法上存在差异。中国学生易误选B。这就是试题的迷惑性所在。
【针对练笔】从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案：
1．New ways have been found to prevent the river ____ .
A . polluting B . from polluting C . against polluting D . from being polluted
2．They did ____ they could ____ him .
A . what ; help B . all what ; to help
C . all ; help D . all that ; to help
3．We were all busy . ____ of us went out for a walk .
A . Not all B . None C . Nobody D . Not everybody
4．He did what he could ____ her .
A . to calm B . calm C . calming D . calmed
5．The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____ .
A . hear B . to hear C . hearing D . heard
6．That heavy rain kept us ____ out on time .
A . starting B . from starting
C . to start D . being started
7．The parents forbid her ____ to a worker .
A . to marry B . marrying
C . to be married D . to be marrying
8．The day we'd been looking forward ____ at last .
A . to coming B . to came
C . to come D . to has come
9．I would love ____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .
A . to go B . to have gone C . going D . having gone
10．Was it in this hall ____ they held the ball the other day ?
A . that B . in which C . where D . which
11．The boy was crying ____ the cup broken .
A . for B . at C . as D . with
12．He made some candles ____ light .
A . to give B . give C . giving D . given
13．He talked of the writer and his novels _____ interested him .
A . that B . which C . who D . in which
14．If Mary doesn't go there , ____ .
A . neither do I B . nor shall I
C . so do I D . so will I
15．When people discovered that coal could be used ____ a fire , they began to dig for it .
A . to make B . to making
C . making D . to be making
16．I have to make the sick man ____ .
A . look after B . to look after
C . looked after D . looking after
17．— Do you think we'll have a cold day tomorrow ?

— ______ .
A . I don't hope so B . I don't hope
C . I hope not so D . I hope not
18．The teacher wanted to teach us ____ he knew at his lesson .
A . all which B . all what
C . of which D . everything which
19．Antarctica ( 南极洲 ) , as the world's coldest , isn't easily _ .
A . to reach B . reaching
C . reached D . reach
20．I couldn't help ____ the tent because I was not free at that time .
A . to put up B . putting up
C . to putting up D . having put up
21．Charles Babbage is generally considered ____ the first computer .
A . to have invented B . inventing
C . to invent D . having invented
22．It is strange that ____ little frogs can eat ____ many worms every year .
A . such ; so B . so ; so
C . such ; such D . so ; such
避免“大意失荆州”的解题窍门 答案：
1—5 D D B A D 6—10 B C B B A
11—15 D A A B A 16—20 C D B C A 21—22 A A