五种基本句型讲与练.doc

五种基本句型
     英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装,演变为各种类型的句型。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 
一个简单句可以扩展为很长的一个复杂句：
When the boy who was very ill came into the room , he who was tired and frightened saw angrily the cat that was sitting on the table,eating his vegetables and meat which he had bought an hour ago.
英语五种基本句型列式如下：
基本句型
主语
谓 语
谓语动词
表语
间接宾语
直接宾语
宾语补语
S + Vi
She
sings.

S + Vt + O
She
sings

Songs.

S + Vi + P
She
is
a singer.

S+ V+Oi+Od
She
sang

him
a song.

S+Y+O+CO
She
asked

him

to sing to.
以上五种句型都可以加各种修饰语：
1、Tom’s sister,Mary,sings wery well.
2, Every morning she sings folk songs at the top of her voice near the window.
3, If she works hard, she may become a famous singer some day.
4,Every morning,she sings countless songs to her brother,and give him no peace.
5Sometimes,naughty Mary would ask her angry brother to sing together with her.
从上表可以看出，英语的句子一般都有主语和谓语两个部分，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，其它句子子的次要成分。
                          基本句型  一
此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，不能跟宾语，不能用被动语态，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常用的不及物动词有：walk. look. swim. go. come. work. run, live. stay arrive 不及物动词如果要变成及物动词，就必须加相应的介词。如：
go to , look at, listen to 等。
有的动词同时可以是及物也可以是不及物。
He sold the book, The book sells well.
Lets meet at the gate. I’ll meet my uncle.
Answer me a question. Why didn’t you give me a answer?
Call me in the meeting. Did anyone called yesterday?
I know him. I don’t know.

1. The sun was shining.             
  2. The moon rose.                  
 3. We all breathe, eat, and drink.  
4. He runs in the park. 
5. They talked  for half an hour.
6. The pen writes  smoothly       
7. Birds fly. 
8. Class begins.
9. They also play together after school.
10. He often runs in the morning.
11. He often walks after supper.
12. He always swims in summer.
13. Flowers grow in spring.
14. He is lying under the tree.
15. I live far away from school.
16, We travel by bicycle.
17. I get there at eight.
18. The bus goes along Yuhua Road.
19. The wind is blowing.
20. The days start before 6 o’clock.
21.The bus stopped at the station.
22.They live on the ninth floor.
23.My eyes hurt.
24.The students study hard.
25. The sun shines in summer.

                        基本句型  二
     此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，

必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。
有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后跟宾语。这类短语动词是由“不及物动词+介词”或“及物动词+副词”构成。
1. Who knows  the answer?                   2. She smiled her thanks.                  
3. He has refused to help them.                4. He enjoys  reading.                    
5. They ate three apples.         6. He said  "Good morning."             
7. I want to have a cup of tea.         8. He often plays football.
9. I have two brothers. 10. He never rides his bicycle to school.
11.We watch television after supper. 12. You can see plenty of bees in the park.
13. Stop talking. 14. She likes her job.
15. Birds are making their nests. 16. My father read the book.
17.They want to go. 18. I know him very well.
20, You must listen to me. 21. Look at the blackboard.
22. Many people like traveling by bus. 23. I get on the bus.
24. We can’t play boy games after school. 
He looks after his brother.
They put up a new hospital.
基本句型  三
     此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。
特点：联系动词作谓语，后跟表语。
系动词分两类：
1、表示情况或状态，又分三类：（1）、be,  keep, seem,appear 状态
（2）、feel,smell, sound,taste look,等感官动词变化而来
（3）、keep,stay,continue,remain,go rise不及物动词变化而来。
2表示主语变化过程：get, grow, become, turn，go, come等。
be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good.        
3. He fell in love.                     4. Everything looks different.                   
5. He is growing  tall and strong.               6. The trouble is that they are short of money. 
7. Our well has gone dry.                           8. His face turned red.                        
9. It is an apple. 10. I’m thirteen years old.
11. They are in the park. 12. The tall man is my father.
13. I’m poor at English. 14. My father is a farmer.
15.They are bothseven years old. 16. They are in the park.
17. They are good friends. 18. The food tastes nicer,
19. It gets warmer and warmer. 20. The days are longer.
21. He became a scientist. 22. His face goes red.  

  基 本 句型  四

此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，往往指物；另一个是动作的间接承受者。表示动作是“对着谁”，“为了谁”做的，往往指人。怎样才能知道动作是“为了谁”还是“对着谁”，那就要根据间接宾语是表示动作的方向还是动作的目的来定。
双宾结构：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + sth.
Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens.
(1)、其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show,bring, hand, tell, return, write, pay,teach,promise等动词表示方向，即动作是“对着谁”，后的间接宾语前用to,构成sth + to sb.
如: lend the book to me. The old man gave the apple to the boy.
（2）、而buy, buildmake, do, fetch, get, play, save, cook, sing, find, 动词后的间接宾语是表示目的，即动作是“为了谁”做的，后用sth + for sb.结构。
My brother bought a dictionary for me.
My mother made a cake for me.
（3）、间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，但当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或两个宾语都是人称代词时，间接宾语位于直接宾语之后，这时在间接宾语前必须加to或for.如：
I pass it to my mother. She threw them to me.
1.I showed him my pictures. 2. I gave my car a wash.
3. I told him that the bus was late. 4、She passed him a new dress.
5.She cooked her a delicious meal. 6. She brought her husband a dictionary.
7. He bought you nothing. 8.I showed her my pictures.
9.I gave him a hand. 10. I told him how to run the machine.

  基本句型  五
     此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。
特点：谓语动词带复合宾语，即：“宾语+补语”
They made her happy, I saw her dance.
I found the movie interesting. He left the door open.
1、动词不定式作宾补时有三种情况：
1）、在ask, tell, invite, force, get, allow, help, wish, want, like, hate, prefer等动词后，应用带to的不定式。
2）、在感官动词see, hear, watch,listen to, notice, feel, look at,和使役动词have, make, let 后，不定式不带to.
3)、help 后的宾语补足语可带to 也可不带。
2、常用分词作宾补的动词有：see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, have, get, keep, find等。
3、现在分词和过去分词作宾补时有区别：
“宾语+现在分词宾补”在逻辑上是主动关系；
“宾语+过去分词宾补”在逻辑上是被动关系。
I saw someone knoking at the door.
I saw the door knocked at.
1. They painted the door green. 2. I found the boy sitting in the room.
3. This made me thinking. 4. I saw him out.
5. He asked me to come soon. 6. I saw him getting on the bus.
7. We keep the table clean. 8. They painted the door green.
9.They call supper dinner. 10.They found the house dirty.
11.What makes me sad? 12. We saw him out.
13. He asked me to come back. 14.I saw them getting on the bus.