测试种类.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,1,.Vocabulary knowledge can be divided into active and passive vocabulary.,Active vocabulary,refers to the words used in speaking and writing.,Passive vocabulary,includes passive listening and passive reading vocabulary.,Selection of the test words,In achieve,ment tests:words can be drawn directly from the syllabus,the particular textbooks that have b,een used in the class.,In proficiency testing:Generally speaking,vocabulary tests on intermediate level will concentrate on the words needed in speaking or in comprehending the oral language,while tests on an advanced level will deal mostly with the lexicon of written English,the words needed by students if they are to understand newspapers,periodicals,literature,and textbooks.,2,.,Representative vocabulary,(,the frequence of occurrence,),英语词汇词频表,:,E.L.Thorndike&I.,Lorge:,The,Teacher,s,Word,Book,of,3,000,Words,（,1951,）,Michael,West:A,General,Service,List,of,English,Words,英语通用词表,（,1953,），,Cambridge English Lexicon,剑桥英语词汇册,The Wright Frequency Count,莱特词频表,。,The types of vocabulary testing,A.Pairing items:,把所要考的单词和它的意义配对,1,）,用母语注释外语单词的词义,e.g.Spread(),Spread,A.,展开,B.,吹散,C.,喷射,D.,欢闹,2,）从所给的选项中选择一个与图画所表示意义最相近的词,e.g A.dog B.flower C.tree D.snow,3,）,把某个词的定义作为题干，给出几个单词，选出被定义的词,e.g.Apersonwhoreceivesandpaysoutmoneyinabank,A.brokerB.accountantC.creditorD.cashier,4,）题干给出一个单词，在选择项中选它的定义、同义词、反义词相关词、同范畴词和不同范畴词,下定义：,nap,：,A.abriefsleepB.ahappysongC.asharprockD.ashortmeeting,同义词：,advocate:,A.supportB.adviseC.contradictD.damage,反义词：,abstract:,A.professionalB.foreignC.riskyD.concrete,不同范畴的词：,A.blackB.greenC.redD.hot,B.Replacing items,题干一般是一个或两个连续的句子。其中，有一个单词或短语加有底横线，要求从所给的选择项中选取替代者。这种题型的指令通常是“选取意义与划线词语最接近的选择项”，或“选出最能取代划线词语而使句子保持原义的选择项”。选择项往往是同义词。,1.Einsteinstheoryofrelativityseemedincrediblewhenitwasfirstintroduced.,A.unbelievableB.unaccountableC.impressive,D.inconsisten,2.She trembled as she admitted what she had done.,A.stumbled B.shrank,C.hesitated D.shook,C.Completion items,1)Languageis,andshouldbe,alivingthing,constantly_(madericher)withnewwordsandformsofexpression.,2)Whydoesthewesternmovieses_havesuchaholdonour_tion?Chiefly,Ithink,becauseitoffersseroiusin_intotheproblemsofviolencesuchascanbefound_nowhereelseinourculture.,3,）,Sugarwasforalongtimealuxuryandintheopinionofthemedicalprofessionitstillshuoldbe.Duringthe19thcentury,however,manufacturesdiscovered1_ofproducingitinvastquantitiesandithassincebecome2_ofthestaplearticlesofdiet,particularly3_thelowersocialclasses.Ithastheadvantagesof3_comparativelycheap,easilydigested,rich5_energyandusefulforflavouring.,The testing of grammar,1.What?In broad sense,grammar includes morphology and syntax.,2.How?Prescriptive grammar,Descriptive grammar.,The types of grammar testing,A.Multiple-choice items,B.Error-recognition items,C.Completion items,D.Transformation items,E.Paring and matching items,Multiple-choice items,Probably the most common way of testing grammatical knowledge is the multiple choice test.These tests have the advantage of being easy to grade and being able to cover a lot of grammatical points quickly.,The most common type of multiple choice grammatical item is one in which the test maker gives the testee a sentence with a blank and four or five choices of a word or phrase which completes the sentence correctly.For example,Because my mother was sick,I _ to go home last week.,a)had b)have c)has d)hadnt,Dear Ms,Donforth,Im writing to ask you come to our class for a visit.Ive 1.,.,heard that you have been to Greece.In our Greece unit,we 2.,.,have been learning about its rich culture and long history.3.,.,Since you have visited Greece several times,so I would like to 4.,.,know whether you have seen the old buildings here.We have 5.,.,learned a lot from the textbook,but I believe you personal,6.,.,experience will be a lot better.Your knowledges of Greece can 7.,.,help the whole class.Could you share your experiences for 8.,.,us?It will be surely exciting and rewarding.I hoped that you 9.,.,think about my request and visit us as soon as possibly.10.,.,.,to,its,so,there,your,knowledge,with,hope,possible,Error-recognition items,An error correction item is one in which the testee is given a sentence with an error.,Completion items,Completion items are items in which the testees are asked to fill in blanks in sentences.Completion items intended to test the students productive skills rather than receptive skills.,For example,Give the book to _ woman in the blue dress.,Transformation items,In this type of item,testees are given a sentence and the first few words of another sentence to change the original sentence without changing the meaning.,For example,1.Jim hasnt been home in a long time.,Its been a long time _.,2.I dont need to go to the grocery store this week.(necessary),Paring and matching items,1,、,Would you like to come to supper,？,2,、,How are you?,3,、,Could you do something for me?,4,、,Are you free tomorrow?,5,、,Whats the time,please?,6,、,Whats the weather like today?,7,、,Shall we go to the park?,8,、,Has Mr Li ever been to a foreign country?,A.With pleasure.,B.Oh,thank you.I would love to.,C.Fine,thanks.,D.Its rainy.,E.Good idea.,F.Its five oclock.,G.Not yet.,H.Yes,I think so.,Sentence Combining Exercises,Sentence combining exercises can play a part in testing grammar as well as its more traditional use as part of composition testing and training.For example,testees might be instructed to combine the following sentences using a relative pronoun.,I met a man.,The man went to the same high school I did.,I met a man who went to the same high school I did.,The testing of reading,Three models,1.Bottom-up model,2.Top-down model,3.Interactive model,自下而上模式,(Bottom-up model),高夫,(Gough,1972),于,1972,年提出自下而上的阅读模式，用以描述从看到文字符号到理解文字意义为止的整个阅读过程。他完全从信息加工的观点来解释阅读的全过程，即从低级的字母加工发展到高级的词组、句子以及语义加工的过程。,自下而上模式,(Bottom-up model),自下而上模式,(Bottom-up model),在阅读过程中存在着两类信息,:,一类是直接从字母或单词的视觉完形中得到的知识信息，,另一类是读者的头脑中对单词或词组已有的知识经验所提供的高级信息。前者称为视觉信息，后者称为非视觉信息,自下而上模式,(Bottom-up model),高夫的模式虽然包括了视觉信息和非视觉信息的作用，但本质上是由一系列自下而上的加工，通过依次转换的过程构成的。任何低一级的输入信息，都转换到高一级水平，并在高一级水平上得到加工。低级水平的信息加工不受高级水平加工对它的影响。因此，这是一种自下而上的阅读理解模式，在这一模式中，没有两种信息的相互作用，而只有一种自下对上的单向作用，即任何水平上的信息加工只对随后一级的信息加工产生直接影响。当我们的背景知识少时，或作者的观点不同于一般观点时，我们往往采用自下而上的阅读模式。,自上而下模式,(Top-down model),古德曼,(Goodman),于,1976,年提出一个自上而下的模式。,他反对把阅读看成是对一系列词的知觉，,他认为人们在阅读过程中，通常利用自己已有的语言知识和有关的经验对文章进行认知加工。,他强调阅读是一种选择过程，即读者从所有可能获得的文字线索中，尽量以最少的语言线索对语言的意思进行加工，以形成暂时的判断和对下文的预测，这种判断与预测随着阅读的深入而得到证实、拒绝或进一步提炼。,古德曼认为阅读就是这样一种语言心理学的猜测游戏，它并非一个精确的知觉过程和系列的加工过程，而是一个选择过程和预测过程。当我们要了解文章的主题、作者的意图、预测下文时往往采用自上而下模式。,交互作用模,(Interactive model),它是,1977,年由鲁梅哈特,(Rumelhart),提出的，目前对阅读教学影响最大的是交互作用模式。他认为阅读是一个自下而上和自上而下加工相互作用的过程。这种信息的汇总，有视觉的加工和认知的加工，而,认知加工,是这种阅读模式的关键。视觉加工需要视觉信息，即文字。认知加工需要非视觉信息，即读者头脑中的知识结构或称之为,图式,(schema),。,交互作用模,(Interactive model),人的大脑中还有四个储存库，即表音法知识、构词法知识、句法知识和语义学知识。他们能影响我们对文字的知觉。,人在阅读时，头脑就象一个信息加工中心，不断地搜索外界输入的信息，上述四个知识库对输入的信息不断地扫描。大脑一方面对视觉扫到的信息从低级阶段向高级阶段进行加工处理，依次经过表音法、词法、句法、语义的加工，最终达到理解。另一方面，信息处理也沿相反的方向运行，即沿着高级阶段向低级阶段的方向处理信息。读者利用大脑中已有的背景知识和语言知识，对视觉扫到的信息进行加工并提出假设。这时的加工是自上而下的，最先用语义学知识进行验证，然后依次用句法知识、构词法知识和表音法知识进行分析，并对先前的假设加以肯定或予以否定。交互作用模式认为阅读中的信息加工是从高、低两个方向同时进行的，即每一阶段的知识分析既有来自高级阶段，也有源于低级阶段的分析，只有当低级阶段和高级阶段的信息加工吻合时，才产生令人满意的正确理解。否则，假设就要重新修改或建立，直至两种信息吻合。,交互作用模,(Interactive model),交互作用模式实质上是一种自下而上和自上而下的两种信息的综合加工模式。在感觉信息匮乏的情况下，人们必须借助大脑中储存的背景知识对刺激做出解释，这时的阅读过程主要是自上而下的加工。反之，则以自下而上的加工为主。这一模式能够说明高夫和古德曼模式所无法解释的大量的阅读问题。,低层阅读能力,理解各种语法概念；,理解主从句的句法结构；,理解句段的标志；,理解词汇和,/,或语法的连贯关系；,理解词汇的意义。,高层阅读能力,掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；,了解阐述主旨的事实和细节；,根据上下文判断某些词汇和语法意义；,理解上下文的逻辑关系；,根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推论；,领会作者的观点意图和态度。,Selecting texts,1,、,Choose texts of appropriate length,；,2,、,Select texts as true and various as possible;,3,、,Avoid texts which may be beyond candidates general knowledge;,4,、,Choose texts which will interest candidates but will not overexcited or disturb them,；,5,、,Look for passages which contain sufficient information,；,6,、,Avoid texts which may cause political,national,religious.,The types of reading tests,True/false items,Completion items,Short-answer questions,Multiple-choice items,Rearrangement items,True or false items,This is Billy and his brothers bedroom.Its not very big,but it is tidy.There are two beds in the room.There is a desk between the beds.There are some books on the desk.Some are English books.Some are Chinese books.There is a phone on the desk,too.There are two chairs beside the desk.One is for Billy,and the other is for his brother.There is a map of America on the wall.There is a map of the world on the wall,too.Billy and his brother like their bedroom very much.,()1.The bedroom is small,and its clean.,()2.There are two desks in the bedroom.,()3.There are some Chinese books on the desk.,()4.There are two maps on the wall.,()5.There isnt a phone in the bedroom.,()6.The chairs are for Billy and his brother.,()1.There is a lake in the nature park.,()2.There is a forest in the nature park.,()3.There is a path in the nature park.,()4.There are some flowers in the nature park.,()5.There isnt any mountains in the nature park.,()6.There is a river in the picture.,Completion items,YaoMing the center of the Chinese National Mens Basketball Team,served the Houston Rockets in 2002 in NBA,The 2.26M,120KG center became the first player to come from a foreign team,Yaoming was born in Shanghai in September.1980,His mother was a center and captain of the Chinese National Womens Team.His father played basketball.too,Yao ming is very famous in China,He is a very important basketball player in CBA,Its short for china Basketball Association.During the 2000-2001 season he got 27.1 scores for the Shanghai Oriental Sharks in every match.,Yaoming joined the HOuston Rockets in October,2002,He said this was a new start in his basketball life.He would do his best to learn from the NBAand improve himself.,1.Yaoming is()at()basketball,2.Yaoming became a()in the Houston Rockets in()in NBA,3 Yaoming is 2.26meters()ane he is()Shanghai,4.()of his parents are basketball,（）,5.Yaoming thought it was a new()for him in Houston Rockets and he would do his(),Short-answer questions,Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman.A man goes shopping because he needs something.His purpose is settled and decided in advance.He knows what he wants,and his objective is to find it and buy it;the price is a secondary consideration.All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want.If the shop has it in stock,the salesman promptly produces it,and the business of trying it on proceeds at once.,Q.What does a man usually do when he is buying clothes?,（回答词数不超过,10,个）,Multiple-choice items,Li Ming has two good friends from Canada.They are rose and Mike.Their country is very far from China.,They are in the same school,but they are not in the same class(,班,).Li Ming and Rose are in Class One.They live in the same building.It is a little far from their school.They ride their bicycles to school and ride home together every day.,()1.Where are Rose and Mike from?,A.The U.K.B.Canada C.Australia,()2.Li Ming and Mike are _.,A.in the same class B.not in the same school,C.not in the same class.,()3.They live _.,A.very far from their school B.near their school,C.in one building,4.They go to school and come home _ every day.,A.by bicycle B.by bus C.by car,Rearrangement items,（,1,）,Oh,Im sorry.Im using it now.,（,2,）,Youre welcome.,（,3,）,Good afternoon.May I borrow your ruler,please?,（,4,）,Thank you all the same.,A.(3)-(2)-(1)-(4),B.(1)-(3)-(4)-(1),C.(3)-(1)-(4)-(2),D.(1)-(4)-(2)-(3),Three levels,1.Speech recognition,2.Sentence comprehension,3.Discourse comprehension,The testing of listening,J.C.Richards(1983),掌握所听材料的中心思想和重要细节,理解所听材料的隐含的意思,判断话语的交际功能,判断说话人的观点、态度等,理解句际间的关系，如比较、原因、结果、程度、目的等,从连续的话语中辨别语音,理解重音和语调,1.Picture cues,2.Multiple-choice,3.Gap-filling or note-taking,The types of listening testing,Picture cues,Multiple-choice,1.Single sentence comprehension,例：,I prefer pop music to classical music.,A.I like classical music better.,B.I like pop music better than classical music.,C.Id like to listen to all kinds of music.,2.Short conversation,3.Long conversation or speech,Gap-filling or note-taking,Ann:Hello.Is Tina there?,Tina:Hello,Ann.(1)_is Tina.,Ann:Could I borrow your CD player tomorrow,please?,Tina:Sorry.Its not a very good(2),.Could you speak more loudly,please?,Ann:Sure.I said,could I borrow your CD player,please?Mine is(3),.,Tina:Of course.(4),do you want it?,Ann:Tomorrow if possible.,Tina:OK.Ill(5),it to school in the morning.,My name is Li Hua.Im 25 years old.I live at 128 Qingbin Road,Nangang District in Harbin.My telephone number is 86308321.I like listening to music and reading in my free time.Im free on Saturdays and Sundays.I graduated from Heilongjiang University.Im very good at English.Id like to be an English teacher in a middle school.Im sure that I can teach English well.,APPLICATION FORM,Job:(1)_,Name:Li Hua,Age:(2)_,Address:(3)_ Qingbin Road,Nangang District in Harbin,Telephone:(4)_,Interests:(5)_ and reading,The testing of writing,Hughes(1989)Three principles,1.Setting writing tasks that are properly representative of the population of tasks taht students should be able to perform.,2.Elicting samples of writings that can truly represent students ability.,3.Ensuring that samples can be and will be scored reliably.,Components of Writing,1),Grammatical ability,.This is the ability to write English in grammatically correct sentences.,2)Lexical ability,.The ability to choose words that are correct and used appropriately.,3)Mechanical ability.,The ability to correctly use punctuation,spelling,capitalization,etc.,4)Stylistic skills.,The ability to use sentences and paragraphs appropriately.,5)Organizational skills.,The ability to organize written work according to the conventions of English,including the order and selection of material.,6)Judgements of appropriacy.,The ability to make judgements about what appropriate depending on the task,the purpose of the writing,and the audience.,The ability to write involves at least six component skills.They are:,The types of reading tests,Gap Filling,Testees are presented with a passage with blanks,and they fill in the blanks.(lower level students),Making Corrections,In some situations,testees are presented with a short piece of writing which has deliberate grammar,punctuation and spelling errors,and they are asked to correct the errors.,Form Completion,Filling out a form,for example,an application.,Letter Writing,Letter writing is a common task for writing tests.,Essay Writing,Essay writing is probably one of the more common writing tasks.For example,argumentation and expository writing.,Methods of marking,1.Mechanical method error-count method,2.Impression method(multiple-marking),3.Analytical method,The testing of speaking,1.Reading,2.Oral interview,3.Picturing cues,4.Role play,5.Discussion,ELTS,口试评分定级标准,9,分,Expert User,Has fully operational command of the language,：,appropriate,，,accurate and fluent with complete understanding,8,分,Very good User.Has fully operational command of the lan