unit1grammarandusage.doc

The Present Tenses 现在时
I 现在时的一般用法
现在时包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时和现在完成进行时，谈论和目前有关的事情或问题。
时 态
用 法
一般现在时
表示现在的习惯性、经常性动作，也可以表示客观真理，介绍故事梗概、剧情，用于新闻标题。谓语动词形式：do, does, is, am, are
现在进行时
表示现在或当前正在进行的动作或表示说话人对主语赞赏或厌恶的感情色彩。谓语动词形式：am/is/are doing
现在完成时
表示过去发生地动作或存在的状态对现在产生的影响，或一直持续至今，也许还会继续的动作。谓语动词形式：have/ has done
现在完成进行时
表示过去发生地动作一直持续到现在，也可能还在进行，强调动作的持续性。谓语动词形式：have/ has been doing

II 考点分类详解
1. 一般现在时
（1） 表示现在习惯性的、经常性的动作或存在的状态，常和always, often, usually, sometimes, at times, every day 等时间状语连用。
I get up at six o’clock every morning. 我每天早上六点起床。（经常性的动作）
He is a student. 他是学生。（现在的状态）
（2） 表示客观事实或普遍真理（不受时态限制）
The teacher told the students that the moon goes around the earth. 老师和学生说月亮绕着地球转。
（3） 表示按时刻表将要发生的动作（只限于少数动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, return, stop, open, close等），一般有明确的时间状语。
The train leaves at 4:30 p.m.. 火车下午四点半离开。
The movie starts at 7:00, hurry up! 电影7点开始，快点儿啊！
（4） 在以here或there开头的倒装句中，用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。
Here comes the bus. 车来了。
There goes the bell. 铃声响了。
（5） 在时间状语从句、让步状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时表示将来。
I will tell him about this as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就会告诉他的。
His daughter won’t go to bed until she finishes her homework.
他女儿做完作业才会去睡觉。

2. 现在进行时
（1） 表示说话时正在进行的动作。
Look, they are playing football. 看，他们正在踢足球。
What are looking at now? 你在看什么？
（2） 表示现阶段正在进行的动作（但不一定在说话时正在进行），或表示正在发展、变化的情况。
The population of the world is increasing. 世界人口在不断增长。
The leaves are turning yellow. 树叶变黄了。
（3） 句中如果有always, all the time, constantly, forever等词或词组时，用进行时态描述一个频繁发生的动作，相当于“老是……”，表示说话人的赞赏、责备、厌恶等情感。
He’s always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。（赞赏）
He’s always working hard. 他总是很用功。（赞赏）
She’s forever criticizing me. 她老是批评我。（厌恶，反感）
You’re always throwing things around. 你老是乱扔东西。（责备）
（4） 表示最近按计划要进行的动作（只限于部分动词，如come , go, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, wear, take off等）， 一般和一个表示将来的时间状语连用。
Professor Smith is coming to give us a speech next week. 史密斯教授下周来给我们做演讲。
I’m leaving on Sunday. 我礼拜天就走了。
【注意】 现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来的区别：
一般现在时表示将来是指按时刻表的，其动作具有经常性；现在进行时表示将来就是指某一次，其动作具有暂时性。

3. 现在完成时
（1） 动作发生在过去，但是对现在有影响。注意句中没有表示过去的时间状语。
I have seen the movie, so I know what it is about. 我看过这部电影了，我知道它关于什么的。
Where have you put my bag? I can’t find it now. 你把我的包放哪儿了? 我找不到了。
【比较】现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时强调动作对现在的影响，讲述的是现在的情况，不可与表示过去的时间状语连用，如上文例句中看过电影对现在的影响就是知道了情节，把包放在哪儿的影响就是找不到了。一般过去时强调的是在过去发生地动作或状态，与现在无关，可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。

（2） 动作从过去开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常用的时间状语有：for+一段时间，since+过去时间，so far, already, yet, just, these days, during/in the last/past few years/days, up to/till now等。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the last few years.在过去的几年中，我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。
I have studied English for 7 years. 我已经学了7年英语了。
I have lived in this city since I graduated from university. 自从我大学毕业我就住在这个城市。
（3） 下列句型中常用现在完成时
It/This/That is the first/second/third … time that …
It/This/That is +最高级+名词+that引导的定语从句
This is the third time that I have been here. 这是我第三次到这儿来。
It is the best movie that I have seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

4. 现在完成进行时
（1） 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作，可能刚停止，也可能还在继续。也可表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作，强调反复和持续。
We have been looking for you for an hour. 我们找了你一个小时了。
She has been teaching English since she graduated. 她毕业后一直在教英语。
She’s very tired for she has been cleaning the house all the morning. 她累了因为她一早上一直在打扫房子。
She has been saying that twenty times. 这话她已经说了20遍了。（表示一种埋怨）
（2） 注意区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时
现在完成时强调动作的完成和对现在的影响和结果，而现在完成进行时强调是动作的反复和延续。
比较：I have watered the flowers. 我已经给花浇过水了。（浇了一次，现在花不干了）
I have been watering the flowers. 我一直在给花浇水。（可能现在还在浇水，强调反复和持续）

【相关练习】
I Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the given words
1. All the time he _____________________ (complain) about everything. I can’t stand him.
2. My train _____________(leave) at 4 this afternoon. I have to get to the station by 3:30.
3. I feel sick now. I ________________ (read) books the whole afternoon.
4. You look frightened. What ____________ (happen) to you?
5. Here ___________ (come) the teacher.
6. This is the most interesting story that I ______________ (listen) to.
7. Technological developments in the past few decades ______________ (be) breathtaking.
8. I have to take a taxi to work. My car _________ (repair) now.
9. This is the first time that I ______________ (visit) the Great Wall.
10. He _________________ (tell) the same story eight times.

II Multiple choice
1. The father as well as his three children _________ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A is going B. go C. goes D. are going
2. –You ________ me crazy! Turn off the TV, Mary.
--Jane, I think you _____ a walk in the garden.
A. are driving; need B. drove; needed
C. have driven; are needing D. drive; are needed
3. Our library __________ now and it will be put in use this fall.
A. is built B. is being built C. is building D. has been built
4. –My house _________ twice this month.
--I’m sorry to hear that.
A. has been broken into B. was broken in
C. has been broken in D. was broken into
5. With ticket prices rising, TV _______ off as the typical way of watching a game for the young and old.
A. has taken B. had taken C. was taken D. is taken
6. My friend, who_______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month.(2006年浙江卷)
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has been serving
7. Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _______. (2006年福建卷)
A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off
8. The house belongs to my aunt but she ________ here any more.(2006年全国卷I)
A. hasn’t lived B. didn’t live C. hadn’t live D. doesn’t live
9. ---- What’s that noise?
---- Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine _____________.（08年浙江卷）
A. was tested. B will be tested. C. is being tested. D. has been tested
10. Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.（08年重庆卷）
A. have damaged B. are damaging C. damaged D. will damage
11. – Do you think we should accept that offer?
-- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out.（08年江西卷）
A. have had; is running B. had; is running
C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run
12. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front _____ to arrive.（08年全国卷I）
A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected
13. —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?
—Yes, since she the Chinese Society.（08年全国卷I）
A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined
14. —Have you got any job offers?
—No. I ______.（08年辽宁卷）
A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting
15. I like these English songs and they many times on the radio.（08年安徽卷）
A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught

[Key]
I Fill in blanks
1. is complaining 2. leaves 3. have been reading 4. has happened
5. comes 6. have listened 7. have been 8. is being repaired
9. have visited 10. have told/ have been telling

II Multiple choice
1-5 A A B A A 6-10 D B D C B 11-15 A A D D D

第 4 页 共 4 页