阅读理解第二部分七选五专项指导和训练.doc

阅读理解第二部分七选五 专项指导和训练
Offered by Sherwin

阅读理解七选五的本质是考查语篇的衔接，是四川卷的新题型，我们主要参考全国卷对该题型的考查来帮助我们备考。
一、命题特点:
1.短文体裁：通常考说明文。
2.短文内容：教人如何学习、如何做事、如何生活等。
3.短文长度：虽然考纲中说“一段约300词的短文留出5个空白”，但近五年的实际情况是：最短的是2013年新课标卷I，仅194词，最长的是2014年新课标卷II，有297词。
4. 短文特征：文章多半有大标题、小标题、主题句，或有表示列举或顺序的词(如first, second, next, then, finally等)，结构清晰，层次分明，条理清楚，便于理解。
5.设空特点：空格设置有可能在文首、文中、文尾。在文首时，主要是要求考生选段落小标题或段落的主题句，标题一般为名词短语或祈使句。位于段落中间，很可能是说明原因、举例证明、分述细化主题、解释前句中的某个概念等。位于段末或文末，可能是结论句，也可能是与前段或几段是并列关系，分述主题中的一个具体内容。
6. 选项排列：通常是由最短到最长依次排列，但也有可能由最长到最短依次排列(注：仅2013和2012两年的新课标卷I是由长到短依次排列)。
二、解题策略：
1. 略读文章抓大意

即以最快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的大小标题、首段、每段的首句，以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语(特别是however, but等后的内容)等重要部分，以了解文章的基本结构和内容大意。事实上，一般只需花5～10秒阅读大小标题和第一段首尾句即可。
2. 重点阅读上下句
因为正确选项必定会与上下句之间语义衔接、逻辑通顺，解题时大多只看上句，或只看下句，就可基本确定答案。
三、解题方法：
（一）词语复现
作者或说话人在谈论某个话题或主题时，与主题相关的词语必定会以原词、同义词或近义词等形式在上下文中重复出现，这种现象叫词语复现。同一个词的重复出现叫原词复现以同义词的形式重复出现，叫同义复现；以近义词或近义表达(意思相近，表达方式不同)的形式重复出现，叫近义复现；以词义相同而词性不同的同根词的形式重复出现，叫同根复现。还有上义词与下义词的复现(adult是teacher, parent的上义词，而teacher, parent就是adult的下义词)。
词语复现是语篇衔接的一个重要手段，而七选五正是考查语篇衔接，因此，利用词语复现解七选五十分管用。在近五年的8套全国新课标卷共40道题中有13道题利用这一招可直接选出答案，利用这一招可将选项缩小到2个选项的还有5道，也就是说，平均起来，几乎有一半的题仅用这一招就可解决。
当然，利用词语复现解题十分管用，但这并不意味着凡与上句或下句有复现词的选项就一定是正确选项，只是正确的可能性更大，在解题过程中需重点考虑或优选考虑而已。是否为正确答案，还得将含复现词的选项代入原文，看该选项与上下文是否真的衔接，只有上下衔接紧密的才是正确选项。
1. True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. ______There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity. (2014课标卷I·38)
B. And we can’t forget science education.
C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.
E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.
2. You didn’t lose “everything”. Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. _____ Instead, it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness. (2015课标卷I·40)
E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G. Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
3.●Self Expression
_____ There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas—music, acting, drawing, building, photography. You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another. (2014课标卷I·40)
B. And we can’t forget science education.
C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.
G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.
4. Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. _____ (课标卷I·37)
C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
D. However, some businesses only seek to enough to cover their operating costs.
E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
5. It’s important to show your child how money is traded for the thing he wants to have. If he wants to have a toy, give him the money and let him hand the money to the cashier. _______ When your child grows a bit older and understands the basic function of money, you can start explaining more complex ways of using money. (课标卷·72)
D. Tell your child why he can —or cannot—have certain things.
E. Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you.
F. Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store.
6. Approach money lessons with openness and honesty. ______ If you must say no to a child’s request to spend money, explain, “You have enough toy trucks for now.” Or, if the request is for many different things, say, “You have to make a choice between this toy and that toy.” (课标卷·73)
B. The value of money.
C. Permit the child to choose between them.
D. Tell your child why he can —or cannot—have certain things.
7. You can show your child how to make choices between different brands of a product so that you can save money. _______ If he chooses the cheaper brand, allow him to make another purchase with the money saved. Later, you may explain how the more expensive choice leaves less money for other purchases. (课标卷·75)
A. Wise decisions.
B. The value of money.
C. Permit the child to choose between them.
8. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. ______ After two weeks… (2015课标卷II·39)
D. With each day, increase the distance by a half mile.

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training.
G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time.
10. Think ahead. The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I’m already hungry and there’s nothing ready to eat. So think ahead of the coming week. When will you have time to cook? Do you have the right materials already? _____ (2014课标卷II·37)
E. Cooking is a burden for many people.
F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.
G. A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.
11. Hopefully that gives you a good start. ____ And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live! (2014课标卷II·40)
D. Understand your food better.
E. Cooking is a burden for many people.
F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.
12. ●____
If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it’s going to give you lots of dos and don’ts, walk away! … As far as we’re concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking. Your audience can be your friends. (课标卷II·53)
B. You already do lots of things well
C. Turn your back on too many rules
D. Check the rules about dos and don’ts
（二）代词指代
代词是语篇衔接的重要手段之一，故解题中要善于利用这一衔接手段。尤其注意第三人称的代词（如he,she, it, they, them, their等）、指示代词（this, that, these, those）,不定代词（one, both, such）。如果在选项前面的句子里能找到选项里的代词所指代的内容，或在选项里能找到后面的句子里代词所指代的内容，那么该选项为正确的答案的可能性非常大。
13. Sometimes people simply can’t trust any more. _____ It’s understandable… (2015课标卷I·37)
C. Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
E. They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
F. This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
14. Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. ______Trust is a risk. (2015课标卷I·36)
A. Learn to really trust yourself.
B. It is putting confidence in someone.
D. Remember that you can expect the best in return.
15. …buy the best-fitting, best-built running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. ______ As always, you should stretch (伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries. (2015课标卷II·37)
D. With each day, increase the distance by a half mile.
E. If they still feel good, you can begin running in them.
F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training.
16. ●Focus on positives
Any training you do to become more effective at public speaking should always focus on the positive aspects of what you already do well. Nothing can hurt confidence more than being told that you aren’t doing well._____, so good public speaking training should develop those instead of telling you what you shouldn’t do. (课标卷II·52)
A. You aren’t like anybody else
B. You already do lots of things well
C. Turn your back on too many rules
17.●Get support. When you need help, reach out to the people who care about you. Talk to a trusted adult, such as a parent or other relatives. ______ They might have had similar problems, such as dealing with a test, or the death of a beloved pet. (课标卷·72)
A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.
B. Notice your friends’ feelings and find a way to help them.
F. And don’t forget about your friends.
（三）逻辑关系
根据空格句与上下句之间的逻辑关系来解题，如解释关系(对前句或对主题的进一步解释)、并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系等。
18. Most businesses seek to make a profit— that aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. ______ Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. (课标卷I·36)
C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
19. Parents should help their children understand money. _____ So you may start talking about money when your child shows an interest in buying things, candy or toys, for example. (课标卷·71)
E. Ask yourself what things that cost money are most important to you.
F. Talk about how the money bought the thing after you leave the toy store.
G. The best time to teach a child anything about money is when he shows an interest.
20. Your brain is so full of what you’re going to be talking about. ____ As far as we’re concerned…(课标卷II·54)
A. You aren’t like anybody else.
F. The one thing you don’t want is for them to fall asleep.
G. So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse.
21. ●Don’t take it out on yourself. Sometimes when kids are stressed and upset they take it out on themselves. Oh, dear, that’s not a good idea. Remember that there are always people to help you. Don’t take it out on yourself. ____ (课标卷·73)
A. Ask for a helping hand to get you through the tough situation.
B. Notice your friends’ feelings and find a way to help them.
G. Then, find a way to calm down.
22. ● Be positive. Most stress is temporary. Remember stress does go away, especially when you figure out the problem and start working on solving it. These steps aren’t magic, but they do work. And if you can stay positive as you make your way through a tough time, you’ll help yourself feel better even faster. _____ (课标卷·75)
D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.
E. You need to figure out what the problem is.
F. And don’t forget about your friends.
（四）语言结构
（1）标题结构。如果考查段落标题，先看看其他标题的语言形式，同一文章中的几个段落小标题基本上是同一语言形式。如果其他标题是名词短语，该题答案也是名词短语；如果其他标题是祈使句，该题的答案也是祈使句。
（2）句子结构。如果正确选项只是某个句子的一个部分，就要看看空后这个部分是不是句子，如果是句子，看看是否有连词，如果没有连词，要选的正确选项就应是短语或是带有连词的从句。
（3）段落结构。特别注意总分结构或分总结构。
（4）并列结构。和上句或下句的结构相同或对等的选项则常常是优先考虑的选项。
23. Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. ___ One is the establishment(制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production, sales, the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies, and accounting. ______ The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments.
Direction is concerned primarily with supervision (监管) and guidance by the management in authority. _____ (课标卷I·38～40)
A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
F. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
24. Everybody gets stressed from time to time. ______ Some ways of dealing with stress—like screaming or hitting someone—don’t solve much. But other ways, like talking to someone you trust, can lead you to solving your problem or at least feeling better. (课标卷·71)
C. Different people feel stress in different ways.
D. Ah, it feels so good when the stress is gone.
G. Then, find a way to calm down.
25. 2．Make your time worth it. When you do find time to cook a meal, make the most of it and save yourself time later on. Are you making one loaf of bread? Make three or four instead. It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something. So save yourself the effort for a future meal.
3. _____This may surprise you, but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule. (2014课标卷II·39)
A．Try new things.
B．Ability is easily improved.
C．Make three or four instead.
D．Understand your food better.
E．Cooking is a burden for many people.
F．Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.
G．A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.
26. During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day. _____, it is wise to take a day off to rest. (2015课标卷II·38)
A. After six days
B. For a good marathon runner
C. Before you begin your training
D. With each day,increase the distance by a half mile
E. If they still feel good,you can begin running in them
F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training
G. Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time