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英语比较级.doc

1、 Ⅰ.3个比较级别    形容词大多可以比较,有3个比较级别(Degrees of Compari-son)。 形容词的原来形式称为原级(Positive Degree): This house is small. He is a wise man. I found this horse very fast. 表示一样东西或人比另一样东西或人“更……”的形容词,称为这个形容词的比较级(Comparative Degree),单音节形容词的比较级由该词加词尾-er构成: This house is smaller than yours. These houses are sma

2、llerthan those. He is a wiser man than his father. I found this horse faster than that. 表示在3个或更多的东西或人中“最……”的形容词,称为这个形容词的最高级(Superlative Degree),单音节词以加-est方式构成最高级: This house is the smallest of all. These five houses are thesmallest of all. He is the wisest man in this city. I found this horse

3、fastest of all. I found these horses fastest ofall. 双音节或多音节形容词,多以前面加more的方式构成比较级,以加most 的方式构成最高级: This house is beautiful.(原级) He is a cunning man. I found the horse very useful. This house is more beautiful(比较级)than yours. He is a more cunning man than his brotner. I found the horse more use

4、ful than that one. This house is the most beautiful(最高级)of all. He is the most cunning man I ever saw. I found the horse the most useful of all.  还有一种比较方法,即往下比,表示“较不……”,“最不……”,这时可以分别在形容词前加less或least。由less构成的比较级称为较低级(Comparative of Inferiority),以least构成的最高级称为最低级(Superlative of Inferiority): This

5、 house is less beautiful(不如……美) than yours. He is a less cunning man than his brother. This house is the least beautiful(最不美) of all. He is the least cunning man thatI ever saw.  副词也可以同样方式进行比较: John ran fast—faster thanI—the fastest of all. He writes carefully—more carefully thanI—the most car

6、e-fully in class. Ⅱ.无法比较的形容词与副词   大多数品质形容词都可进行比较,但某些形容词是绝对的,无法比较的。我们可以说 nearly perfect,quite empty,almost dead,但不能说more perfect,emptier,most dead,也不能说This is rounder than that.下面是一些无法比较的形容词: Absolute,chief,main,principal,complete,perfect,ideal,ex-cellent,supreme,unanimous,universal,whole,full

7、final,entire,ultimate,utter,uttermost,omnipotent,everlasting,eternal,fundamental,basic,primary,first,preliminary,u-nique,sole,all-seeing,all-knowing(还有其他由all-构成的合成词,以及形式上不是最高级而意义上都是最高级的形容词) Homeless,harmless,fatherless,meaningless,illiterate,im-mortal,impossible,illegal,inevitable,invaluable,infin

8、ite,unendurable,unskilled,unripe(还有许多其他带有否定前缀或后缀的形容词,如由-less,ill-,in-,im-,un-等构成的形容词) Contemporary,simultaneous,chaste,true,false,sufficient,e-qual,major,minor,dead,mortal,wooden,round,empty,void,sea-blue,etc. Some,any,all,no,every(及其他指示形容词) Monkey(例如 monkey business),child( as in child care),hom

9、e(as in home work)(和许多其他可用作形容词的名词) 不过,像monkeyish,homely和 childish这样的正规形容词可以比较。) 和某些形容词一样,某些副词也是不能比较的: Now,yesterday,presently,eternally(时间) Here,upward,down,away(地点) Negatively,absolutely,universally,infinitely(及许多由不可比较形容词构成的副词)(方式) 有些似不能比的形容词,偶尔也有比较的形式,如 fuller,pur-er,more correct,more perfec

10、t,most ideal,most complete,lessequal,less empty,甚至一些优秀作家也这样用。 Ⅲ.比较级和最高级的构成法 A.形容词 单音节形容词通常都以加-er和-est的方式构成其比较级和最高级: 但在加词尾时要注意: 1)一般加-er,est: tall         taller             tallest bold     bolder               boldest kind        kinder            kindest great     greater      

11、      greatest 2)以-e结尾的词,只加-r和-st: large      larger            largest wise      wiser            wisest fine       finer           finest white     whiter            whitest 3)“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字”(简称CVC)构成的词, 末尾字母要双写,再加-er和-est: hot     hotter       hottest thin    thinner        thinnest f

12、lat      flatter     flattest big     bigger       biggest 下面单音节形容词,用加more和most 构成比较级和最高级比加-er和-est的时候多: real         just               full like           right                  French 393  下面形容词既可以加词尾的方式构成比较级和最高级,也可加more,most构成(如 truer,truest; more true,most true),但用加词尾方式构成时更多一些: drunk     

13、            keen                      calm                     mild glad                   cross                    plain                      pale frank                  free                       huge                     vague fond                   scarce                   prompt              

14、    sound 下述双音节形容词以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级: 1)以y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加词尾,如happy,happier,happiest: happy                 angry                    dingy                    naughty likely                  lucky                    misty                    stormy lively                  kingly                    time

15、ly                    beastly 这种形容词偶尔也可以加more,most的方式构成比较级和最高级,如more misty,most misty; more lucky,mostlucky。但有些只能以加词尾方式构成比较级及最高级,如cleanly,kindly,lowly. 2)以-er结尾的词,如 tenderer,tenderest: tender                bitter                     clever (Eager,sober,slender也可加more,most方式构成) 3)以-ow 结尾的词,如 sh

16、allower,shallowest: yellow                narrow                  hollow                   shallow 4)以-le结尾的词,如 simplef,simplest: idle                    feeble                    subtle                    gentle noble                  able                       supple (Ample,humble,brittle,nim

17、ble,stable,agile,motile,senile,等,也可加 more,most) 5)重音在第二音节的词,如 pol ter [p+l it+r],politest[p+l itist]。 pol te               sevére                   inténse                  obscúre profóund            remóte                  div ne                  prec se more or most ant que,grotésque,chinése;

18、more or mosta fr id,a w re,a lóne,a l ke,a p rt,contént及其他专门用作补语的形容词。 6)下述形容词,如 crueler,cruelest: dismal                cruel                     common                stupid          distinct pleasant              quiet                     profound               civil            exact (所有这些形容词也

19、可以加 more和 most,只有 cruel除外。) 395  上面未提到的双音节词,通常多加more和 most: cautious             more cautious        most cautious foolish                more foolish          most foolish cheerful              more cheerful        most cheerful active                 more active            most active charm

20、ing            more charming       most charming crooked              more crooked        most crooked docile                 more docile            most docile constant             more constant        most constant 396  三音节或更多音节的词通常都加more和most: beautiful             more beautiful        most

21、 beautiful affable                more affable          most affable digestible            more digestible       most digestible malignant            more malignant      most malignant 但加-er和-est的双音节形容词,在加上un-这样否定前缀 时,仍保持加-er,-est的方式: untidy                untidier                  untidiest

22、unlucky              unluckier               unluckiest unholy                unholier                 unholiest unhappy             unhappier              unhappiest impolite              impoliter                impolitest ignoble               ignobler                 ignoblest 397  现在分词和过去分

23、词(起形容词作用的动词),不管有多少音节,都加more和most: 现在分词           过去分词 interesting           interested astonishing         astonished discouraging       discouraged tiring                  tired charming            charmed shocking            shocked 398  以-ful,-ed,-ing,-able及-id结尾的词,为了达到某种效果,可以加-er,-est,如

24、cheerfulest wretchedest,cunningest,damnablest,candidest,但这是不规范的。 399  如果几个形容词修饰同一名词,它们可以采取一种方式,或全加-er,-est或全加more,most: That is a bolder,sordider and horrider way. He is the meanest,falsest,but cleverest fellow I ever haveknown. He may be the most proud,most free,most energetic andmost enterpris

25、ing man in our city. 在这种情况下,如果两种方式都用,可以前面加-er,-est,后面加more,most: He is the merriest,cleverest,most intelligent,most coura-geous of my friends. 有时只在第一个形容词前加more,most,后面形容词前都不再加什么: He may be the most proud,free,and energetic(=most proud ,most free and most energetic) man in the city. The road is

26、more rugged,muddy and hilly than any others. 总之,上述规律一般是有效的,但并不是十分严格的。它们可能受音韵、个人喜好及其他因素的影响。 还有一些形容词有不规则的比较形式: good(well)                 better                              best bad(ill,evil)               worse                             worst many(much)              more                      

27、         most little                               less(lesser)                  least old                                 older(elder)                 oldest(eldest) late                                later(latter)                  latest(last) far                                 farther(furth

28、er)            farthest(furthest) near                               nearer                             nearest(next) 下面主要表示空间的词,只在后面加-er,及加-most,原级词除hind外都是副词。但这种比较级不能和than引起的从句一起用。比较级和最高级都只用在名词前作限制性形容词。 hind                   hinder                   hindmost fore                   former(过去  

29、      foremost(最前的,最早                          的,或前者)       的,最重要的) in                       inner                     inmost(or innermost) out                     outer(更外          outmost(or outermost)(离                          的,离中心           里面或中心最远的)                          较远的) out    

30、                 utter(极为)        utmost(or uttermost)(最                                                      大的) up                      upper                    upmost(or uppermost) 下面的词也表示空间,但不加-est,而只在后面加most,如 middle,middlemost;top,topmost;end,endmost: top,bottom,front,back,head,left,right

31、centre,deep,north,northern 某些以-or结尾的词没有原级及最高级。其中五个已失去比较的意义(1);有九个和to引起的短语一起用,而不和than引起的从句一起用(2): 1)interior,exterior,ulterior,minor,major The interior part is of major importance. 2)senior,junior,superior,inferior,anterior,posterior,prior,previous,subsequent John is 5 years senior to Richard,b

32、ut inferior to him in in-telligence. Prior(or Previous)to(=before)their marriage,they did not know each other. 404  合成形容词大多在前面加more及most: foolhardy                    more foolhardy                      most foolhardy short-sighted            more short-sighted               most short-sighted

33、home-sick                  more home-sick                     most home-sick red-hot                       more red-hot                          most red-hot plain-spoken               more plain-spoken                  most plain-spoken far-fetched                 more far-fetched               

34、   most far-fetched public-spirited           more public-spirited                most public-spirited out-of-fashion        more out-of-fashion           most out-of-fashion up-to-date                more up-to-date                   most up-to-date 但若第一个词是大家熟悉的单音节词,则-er或-est都加在 这个词的前面。此外,最高级比

35、比较级用得多得多: large-sized                  larger-sized                  largest-sized kind-hearted               kinder-hearted              kindest-hearted dull-witted                  duller-witted                dullest-witted fine-looking                finer-looking                finest-looki

36、ng hard-working              harder-working            hardest-working long-lasting                 longer-lasting               longest-lasting old-established            older-established          oldest-established long-cherished              longer-cherished          longest-cherished wide-

37、read                   wider-read                   widest-read well-known                  better-known                 best-known well-behaved                 better-behaved             best-behaved soft-spoken                softer-spoken              softest-spoken B.副词   405  单音节副词和单音节形容

38、词一样,都以加-er,-est的方式构成比较级和最高级: soon                  sooner                   soonest long                   longer                   longest low                    lower                    lowest loud                   louder                   loudest hard                   harder               

39、    hardest 406  双音节副词,特别是以-ly结尾的,大多加 more和most:wisely more wisely most wisely skilfully            more skilfully                     most skilfully suddenly           more suddenly                   most suddenly beautifully         more beautifully                 most beautifully (例外情况:seld

40、om,seldomer,seldomest;early,earlier,earli-est;often,oftener,oftenest) 407  在口语中,形容词的比较级有时可用作副词,尽管原级不能这样用: He talks cleverer(=more cleverly)than I. We must look closer(=more closely)to see all the details. He explained it clearer(=more clearly) than I. He ran quicker(more quickly). Please walk

41、slower(=more slowly). He handles matters cleverer(=more cleverly)than you think. He can write easier(=more easily) than I. Easier said than done. He talks the cleverst(=most cleverly) of all. He explained it the clearest(=most clearly) of all. I lived happiest(=most happily) in 1965. 408  不规则

42、副词有特殊的比较级及最高级: near                   nearer                             nearest(next) far                     farther(further)            farthest(furthest)                          farthermore(fur-          farthermost(fur-                          thermore)                      thermost) wel

43、l                   better                              best ill(badly)        worse                             worst much                 more                               most little                   less                                 least late                    later(latterly)         

44、       latest(last)   Ⅳ.某些比较级与最高级的用法   410  某些不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级可能有原级所没有的特殊意义: Elder及eldest只用在表示兄弟姐妹及子女的名词前。 Older及oldest可以和任何名词一起用,用于各种位置。Elder,eldest及older和oldest的反义词为younger和youngest: John is older than Richard. His oldest house lies on the opposite side. He is my elder brother(可说 olde

45、r brother—美国用法). The eldest son died last year. She is the elder of the two. He is an elder(=old and respectable)statesman(特殊用法). 411  Nearest表示“最近的”,next表示“紧挨着的”或“下一个”: This is the nearest post-office to our school. Who of you lives nearest to Mr.Lee? He is my nearest(=dearest) relation. It

46、 is a subject nearest to his heart. He lives next to my house. The next chapter is on music. The next best thing to do is to wait and see. He sat next to me (=by my side). He lives next door.I don't like people next door. His reply is next door to(=almost) a refusal. Come next Monday(下星期一).

47、He came the next(= the following)Monday(之后的星期一). 412  More,Most 的用法: What is more(=more important),he is very ill. Do it once more(=once again). I shall not go any more(=go no more). Life is getting more and more(越来越) difficult. He has studied English ten years,more or less(大致). Most(= The ma

48、jority of) students are not interested in math-ematics. These people are for the most part(=mostly,on the whole)ignorant and stubborn. We have to make the most of(充分利用) what we have. It is a most(=very) easy job. 413  Better,Best的用法: He sold the better(=greater) part of his estate. He must spe

49、ak with his better half(=wife).(口语用法) I know better than to(=am wise or experienced enough not to) hurt her feelings. He says he is honest,but I know better(=I don't think so). I have been waiting for the best part of a day(=almost all day). 414  Less表示“比较少的”,可用在不可数名词前面或另一位置; Lesser表示“次要的”,只可用在

50、可数名词前面: He has less money and less confidence than his brother. He has less trouble(but fewer troubles) than last year. I have less chance(but fewer chances) than he. We have less students(不规范用法) this year. He is less than sixty. Can I have a bit less noise? His salary is less than $300. We

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