实用文体翻译课程(研究生).docx

第 一 章
英汉语言对比
教学目的：通过对比，了解英汉两种语言的异同，在翻译实践中自觉地运用这一特点。
教学重点：英语词义比较，包括完全对应、部分对应、不对应，英语句子结构比较，英汉词汇对比，英汉句法现象的对比以及英汉两种语言在七个方面的差异。

语言大师吕叔湘在《中国文法要略》中指出：“要明白一种语文的文法，只有运用比较的方法。拿文言词句与文言词句比较；拿白话词句与白话词句比较，这是一种比较。文言里一句话，白话里怎么说；白话里一句话文言里怎么说，这也是一种比较。一句中国话，译成英语怎么说；一句英语，中国话里如何表达，这又是一种比较。只有比较，才能看出各种语文表现法的共同之点和特殊之点。”翻译家张培基先生指出：“英译汉（或汉译英）的一切翻译理论、翻译方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言对比的基础上。”

一、英汉辞义对比
在英语词汇多义现象（polysemy）的背后，存在着深层语义和表层语义两上层次。深层语义要从词源上探索，从词根和词缀着眼。抓住了深层的内涵，就好比找到了一把这通向衍生外延（即表层语义）的大门。现在就以subject一词为例来观察这两个层次之间的关系。
Subject例
subject是由中古法语中的subjacẽre融入中古英语的，源自拉丁语中的subjects。在拉丁语中，词缀sub=under，词根ject=throw，因此subject= throw…under (authority)意为把……置于（权威）之下。这就是subject的深层内涵。再看它如何衍变为各种表层语义：
（1）subject用作动词时，表层释义繁衍多变。
1) Armed resistance showed that a minority at least was not prepared to be subjected to foreign rule.
武装反抗表明至少有少数人不准备屈从于外国的统治。
be subjected to的汉译可以是“屈从”，英意可以是be dominated by；深层的涵义则是be thrown under，即被置于（入侵者统治）之下。
2) On this test-track, the manufacturers deliberately subject standard production cars to rough treatment.
制造商们有意使按标准生产的汽车在测试台上经受破坏性试验。
Subject…to可释为“使……经受”，或“expose…to”，但本义还是throw…under, 即置……于（测试的权威）之下。
3) This plan will be subjected to approval.
这个计划将呈请批准。
be subjected to汉译“呈请”，英释可以是be submitted to，但内涵还是be thrown under，即被置于（上级的）审核之下。
4) Our exports in this line are subjected to a tariff rate of 50% in Canada.
我们的此类出口商品在加拿大应征的关税率为50%。
be subjected to （throw underthe regulation of…）“应缴”或“被课以”，即：（商品）被置于征税条例的限制之下—

(2) subject作形容词时，表层上一词多义，深层上本出一源。
5) Human affairs are all subject to changes and disasters. (Daniel Defoe)
人间之事不由已，变迁灾祸难抗拒。
be subject to表示：人可能被置于不可抗拒的危害之下，be thrown under force majeure.
6) Sincerity is always subject to proof.
诚意总是有待于证明。
be subject to（depending on）“有待”，即：“诚意”被置于事实考验的权威之下，反映了thrown under的深层内涵。
7) He who is subject to temptations tends to err.
不能抗拒诱惑的人，往往要犯错误。
be subject to（cannot resist，be at the mercy of）即：“不能抗拒”或“经受不起”，反映此人“听任诱惑的摆布”，符合thrown under的深层涵义。
（3） subject用作名词时，似乎含义迥异，实质上盖出一义
8) This is a subject for discussion.
这是一个要讨论的题目。(某事被置于（众议）之下)
9) He is a subject of the United Kingdom.
他是联合王国的臣民（臣服从于君）。
10) He is willing to be the subject of this experiment.

他愿意做这次实验的受试对象。
（服从实验要求）
总之，subject的释义，变化多端，但是万变不离其宗，这个“宗”就是thrown under。

“两”字的译法：
1.“两”字译为two, twice
1）两节课间隔十分钟。
There is an interval of ten minutes between two classes.
2）我去过北京两次。
I have been to Beijing twice.
2. “两”字译为both
3）这张纸两面都写满了字。
Both sides of the paper were covered with writing.
4）这种做法对集体和个人两方面都有好处。
This practice benefits both the collective and the individual.
3. “两”字译为couple, a couple of
5）小两口过得挺和美。
The young couple get along quite happily.
6）这事过两天再说。
Let’s have it for a couple of days.
4.“两”字译为few, a few
7）关于这件事我想说两句。
I’d like to say a few words about the matter.
8）那么多事这两个人可干不了。
There is so much to do that these few people can hardly cope with it.
5.“两”字译为double
9）他常耍两面派。
He often plays double game./
He is double-faced./
He is a double-dealer.
10）躺椅可以坐卧两用。
A coach performs a double service.
6.其他译法
11）她把苹果切成两半。
She cut the apple in half.
12）我去不去两可。
It’s all right with me whether I go or not.
13）有什么两样吗？
What’s the difference?
14）他多喝了两盅。
He’s had a drop too much.
15）新来的干活又快又好，真有两下子。
The newcomer works fast and well, he obviously knows his stuff.
16）我感到两头为难。
I feel it hard to please either party.

二、 英语和汉语在语义上的对应关系
英语和汉语在语义上有三种对应关系：完全对应、部分对应、没有对应。
1．完全对应
英语中有些词的意义在任何上下文中都完全相等。例如：Tian An Men Square天安门广场; Summer Palace颐和园; panda熊猫 ；塑料—plastics。这种称之为单平面体系，即两种语言在一个平面上相通对应。

2．部分对应
一个概念，在两种语言中，局部处在一个平面上；但更多的局部，却处在两个平面上。
以introduce和“介绍”为例:
1）Let me introduce myself：My name is Simpson.
请允许我自我介绍：我叫辛普森。
2）He introduced me to his parents.
他把我介绍给他的父母。
在这个局部概念上，introduce和“介绍”处在一个平面上，是对应的。因为“介绍”的意思是“从中沟通，使双方相识”；introduce 的意思是cause to be acquainted,两者的内涵吻合在一个平面上。很多时候英语的introduce与汉语的“介绍”并不完全对应。
3）市、县官员向他简单介绍了相关机构对塌方事件进行联合调查的进展情况。
He was briefed by city and county officials on the progress of the joint investigation by their agencies into the cave-in.
4）服务员介绍菜单上最美味的佳肴是炸鸡。
The waiter recommended fried chicken as best dish on the menu.。
5）请你介绍一下经验好吗？
Would you pass on your experience？
6）He is apt to introduce new ideas into the business management.
他善于在企业管理中引进新的思想。
7）Tobacco was introduced into Europe from America
烟草是由美洲传入欧洲的
8）Dressing designers introduce new fashions each year.
服装设计师们每年都推出新的款式。
9）The doctor introduced a long tube into the sick man’s throat so he could breathe.
医生在病人的喉头插入一根导管使他能呼吸。
10）I introduced my country cousin to the big city by showing him the sights.

我带了乡下来的表弟四处观光，让他见识一下这个大城市。

以上例子说明，英语和汉语之间，有些词的词意虽有局部的对应，但在总体上，两者之间却不存在词面上概念的等值。
3．没有对应（文化差异）
在汉语中，也有许多概念在英语中是没有对应的。《傅雷家书》中就有一例，似可用来说明因为思维形式与内涵幅度的关系而造成不相对应的情况。英语根基很好、长期侨居海外的傅聪不知道“感慨”一词在英语中如何表达，函询乃父。这位翻译界的泰斗傅雷竟然没有把握，就去请教另一位名家、复旦大学的杨必教授。杨必提出“感慨”一词的四种英译
1)deeply affected with painful recollections
2) stirs up painful memories
3) starts a train of melancholy thoughts
4) The music calls forth painful memories
傅雷左斟右酌，反复推敲，觉得这种译法都难尽人意。穷傅雷的功力，竟也未能提出一个恰当的译法。于是他给傅聪回信说：“‘感慨’一是描写中国人特殊的一种心理状态。”言下之意是这种词只可意会不可言传，准确的翻译几乎是不可能的。其原因由于不同的民族有不同的文化，其中包括不同的思维方式和特征。如“感慨”，它的内涵幅度宽，概括性强。
陈子昂：“前不见古人，后不见来者，念天地之悠悠，独沧然而涕下。”是一种感慨。
白居易：“同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识！”也是一种感慨。
李煜：“春花秋月何时了？往事知多少！小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。”又是一种感慨。
李清照：“梧桐更兼细雨，到黄昏点点滴滴。”是另一种感慨。
由些可见，汉语中“感慨”所覆盖的胸臆，可以从寥廓的苍茫，共鸣的惆怅，凄苦的怀旧，一直到纤细的怨愁，如此广泛的感情幅度，都可以用“感慨”一词来概括。这反映了思维方式的高度综合性。这种综合性的思维特征却不见于英美民族的思维模式。因此英语中也就没有概括性如此强的通用词来覆盖同样宽阔的感情幅度。他们倾向于用具体的somber，upset，nostalgic或melancholy分别来描述不同情景中的reflections，也就是说，英美人的思维方式更多地倾向于分析性，可能这就是两种语言中有时缺乏语义对应关系的根由。
“抓周”例
钱钟书周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“鈡书”。
When Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others; he picked up a book of all things Thereupon his father very gladly gave him the name “Zhongshu”(book lover).

如“Emulate”
emulate“向……学习”（not learn from），你追我赶，竞争上游（to imitate or copy with a view to equaling or surpassing）,更确切的汉译是“赶超”；learn form ：study one’s mistakes, etc. , and those of others to ensure that they are not repeated.
L. M. Pei has set an example for other architects to emulate.
贝聿铭为其他建筑师树立了学习的榜样。
Why don’t you learn form my mistakes?
你为什么不从我的错误中吸取教训呢？
东方人爱说“向你学习”是出于谦恭的民族心理特征。西方人不崇尚单纯的仿效，因此喜欢用emulate 来表示寓学习于赶超的竞争心态。
4. 注意发展动态
英汉语对应关系也在发展。例如“情况”一词，一般学生立刻想到“situation”。这诚然不错。但native speakers 除situation外，也常常用其它词。
“情况”例
1）Let’s discuss of the parameters of the problem. （parameters here means “aspects”）
我们讨论一下这个问题的各方面情况。
2) China’s economic development has deep impact on the texture of society.
中国的经济发展对社会情况的影响十分深刻。
3) Ford is making its inroad into China’s auto market within the context of the nation’s economic surge.
福特公司是在中国经济高涨的情况下力图打进中国汽车市场的。
4) 情况不同了。
The situation has changed. (Chinese students)
It’s a new playing field. (American students)

“Set” 例
1) He used to be with a very smart set .
他过去常跟一群很时髦的人在一起。
2) This is how the literary set talked meals.
这就是文坛人士在餐桌上的谈论方式。
3) He is not of my set.
他和我志不同道不合。
4) He belonged to best set in our school.
他属于我校最优秀的一批人。

“Resource” 例
1) Oil is an important natural resource.
2) Quick wit is his great resource.
3) Good health is his great resource.
4) He is a man of great resource in any
emergency.
5) I am at end of my resources.
(I have no means left to do anything.)

1) Oil is an important natural resource.
石油是一项重要的自然资源。
2) Quick wit is his great resource.
机敏是他的天赋。
3) Good health is his great resource.
健康是他的本钱。
4) He is a man of great resource in any
emergency.
他善于处理紧急问题。
5) I am at end of my resources.
(I have no means left to do anything.)
我已经山穷水尽了。
“kill”例：
1）He killed the man.
他杀了那个人。
2）He killed the dog.
他宰了那条狗。
3）They killed the proposal.
他们断然拒绝建议。
4) He killed the motion when it came from the committee.
他否决了委员会提出来的动议。
5）Please kill the engine.
请把发动机熄灭。

6）He is dressed to kill.
他穿得很时髦，十分吸引人。
7）You are killing me.
（你的话或动作）笑死我了。
8）She kills her child with kindness.
她宠坏了小孩。
8）He took a snack to kill his hunger.
他吃零食充饥。
9）He killed time every day at the park.
他每天上公园消磨时间。
11) He killed himself with overwork.
他因工作过劳而死。
12) He killed the spirit of team.
他抹杀了团体的精神。
13) The news killed their hope.
这消息使他们的希望破灭。
14) These flowers kill easily.
这些花很容易枯死。
15) He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.
他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。

“欢天喜地”例
1) 宁荣两处上下内外人等,莫不欢天喜地。(《红楼梦》第十六回）
Then high and low alike in both mansions were filled with joy.
2）那小厮欢天喜地，答应去了。（《红楼梦》第三十九回）
The boy assented and made off in high spirits.
3） 我才已经和他母亲说了，他娘已经欢天喜地地应了。（《红楼梦》第七十二回）
I’ve spoken to his mother and she’s consented gladly.
4）不论归迟归早，那妇人顿羹顿饭，欢天喜地服侍武松，武松倒有些过意不去。（《水浒传》第二十四回）
Whenever he returned home, whether early or late, Golden lotus had food ready. She served him with obvious pleasure. It rather embarrassed him.
5) 得蒙差遣，欢天喜地，收拾枪刀。（《水浒传》，第六十三回）
Happy with their mission, they gathered their weapons.
6) 两个小头目听了这话，欢天喜地，说道：“好了！众人在此少待一时。”（《水浒传》第七十回）
The junior officers were delighted. “Excellent,” they said. “Just wait here a little.”
三、 英汉句子结构比较
The general rule for sentence building in Chinese is : A sentence is made by accumulating the words and a passage is made by accumulating the sentences(集字成句，积句成章). Here is an typical example to show how a Chinese sentence is built (萧立明, 2002：105) :
地大。
物博。
中国地大物博。
老师说中国地大物博。
地理老师说中国地大物博。
我们听地理老师说中国地大物博。
昨天我们听地理老师说中国地大物博。
昨天在课堂上我们听地理老师说中国地大物博。
The territory is large.
The natural resources are plenty.
China has a large territory and abounds in natural resources.
The teacher said that China has a large territory and abounds in natural resources.
The geography teacher said that China has a large territory and abounds in natural resources.
We heard that the geography teacher said that China has a large territory and abounds in natural resources.
Yesterday we heard that the geography teacher said that China has a large territory and abounds in natural resources.
Yesterday we heard, in class, that the geography teacher said that China has a large territory and abounds in natural resources.
1． 英语重形合；汉语重意合
“形合”(hypotaxis) 就是主要靠语言本身的语法手段。“意合”(parataxis) 主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。因此，英语结构紧凑严密；汉语结构简练明快。
1) 亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。
It is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost.
2) 我曾多次见他画小鸡，毛茸茸，很可爱；也见他画的鱼鹰，水是绿的，钻进水里，很生动。
On several occasions I watched him paint fluffy little chicks and vivid cormorants with their heads in the green water.
3) 出发了。走到巷口，一点名，小秃没影了。大家折回家去，找了半点多钟，没找着。大家决定不看电影了，找小秃是最重要的。
——老舍《有声电影》
Finally they were all set to start on the journey, when it was found that Little Bald-head was missing. Back they came into the house to look for him, but could not establish his whereabouts. They agreed to give up going, because looking for Little Bald-Head was more important.

4) It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
也许老师比学生更容易理解，为什么学生在掌握了英语基本结构和句型后，英语学习反而变得越来越困难了。

2．英语句子中，名词与介词占优势，汉语句子中，动词占优势
英语句子中，主要采用主谓机制。由于英语句子中的谓语动词受词型变化的约束，句子中只能有一个谓语动词，它是英语句子的轴心与核心，然后要借用名词表达。而名词与名词之间的联系却要借介词来串通，所以英语中名词与介词占优势。汉语动词内没有什么变化，使用方便，且重于动态描写，所以汉语动词用的多。汉语在表达一些比较复杂的思想的时候往往借助动词，按时间顺序，逐步交代，层层铺开，给人以舒缓明快的感觉。
5） 晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢。”
Qing-wen greeted him with a smile, exclaiming, “A fine one you are! On the spur of the moment you bade me to grind ink for you this morning. But you threw down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters. You’ve kept me waiting for you the whole day. You are to use up this ink now. Be quick!” （曹雪芹）

6）文化的多样性是人类文明最本质的特征。尊重不同文化的独立与发展，加强文化交流与合作，是维护世界文化多样性的重要前提。（温家宝）
Cultural diversity is a defining feature of human civilization. Respecting the independence and development of different cultures and strengthening cultural interflows and cooperation is essential to upholding cultural diversity in the world.
7）我们要坚持相互尊重、增加互信、求同存异。
We should increase mutual trust on the basic of mutual respect, seeking commen ground while putting aside differences.
8) 母亲打算带女儿到公园里去走走。
The mother was going to take her daughter to the park for a walk.
9） Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat markets, past single-storied homes until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.
卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色的大桥，爬下山冈又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。

3. 英语前重心；汉语后重心
在长句中和复合句中，英语的主要部分和主句，一般放在句首，即重心在前。而汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要的部分放在句尾，形成后重心。例如：
10）我每天早晨七点乘公共汽车上班。
I go to work by bus at seven every morning.
11）他不来，我不走。
I won’t go unless he comes.
(I will stay until he comes.)
12） 铃声一响，就不要再写了。
Stop writing when the bell rings.
13) He has to stay at home because he is ill.
他病了只得呆在家里。
4. 英语重后饰；汉语重前饰
英语与汉语就句子的逻辑中心而言，前者惯于前置，“先声”夺人；后者善于后移，“后发”制人。英汉在修饰语（定语和状语）的位置处理上存在着一个显而易见的差异。英语修饰若为短语或分句，则往往置于被修饰的成分之后。汉语的修饰语无论是词、短语或是句子，其位置一般总是处于被修饰成分之前。
13) It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.
借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个很好的办法。
14) I was, to borrow from John，the spy who was to stay out in the cold.
借用约翰的话来说，我成了一个被打入冷宫的间谍了。
15) Milton’s laugh, which was very infectious, broke the brief silence.
弥尔顿富有感染力的笑声打破了短暂的静默。
16) Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in the earth, now hardened like rock.
化石是过去埋在地下，现在已像岩石一样硬化了的植物和动物。

5. 英语重物称；汉语重人称
英语的物称倾向十分明显，最显见于对主语的择定。英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语做主语。相对而言，汉语一般更习惯于人称化的表达，尤其是主语，能施行动作或有生命的物体为主语之首选。
17) With most of the old Chrysler management replaced, a Fort engine now powers Chrysler.

原克莱斯勒公司领导班子的大多数成员都已撤换，现在领导克莱斯勒的是一名来自福特公司的人。
18）A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Simon in.
西蒙进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾。
19）An idea suddenly struck him.
他突然想起了一个主意。
20）Her illness kept her in hospital four weeks.
她因病在医院住了四个星期
21）Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
这位饱尝辛酸者却让全世界的人发出笑声。
22) Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position.
农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产效率低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境
6. 英语多被动；汉语多主动
英语多见被动句式与其物称倾向不无关联。充任主语的词既然有大量“无灵”物称，其被动句式则有了繁衍的前提，反之，汉语具有人称倾向，自然采用更多主动句式。
23) 我们在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题，无论是规模还是复杂性都是世所罕见的。
The problems and difficulties that we encounter in the course of development are rarely seen elsewhere in terms of their scale and complexity
24) 为了规范外国企业常驻代表机构的设立及其业务活动，制定本条例。
The regulation shall be formulated for the purpose of regulating the establishment and business activities of resident offices of foreign enterprises.
25） The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom appreciated.
海洋学是人们认识星球的关键，而其重要性却并非人人都知晓。
26） Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些书浅尝则可，有些书吞食则可，少数则须咀嚼消化。
（大家认为李先生是位好老师。Mr. Li is considered to be a good teacher.）
7．英语多长句；汉语多短句
英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用，导致英语较多出现“多枝共干”式长句，复合句。而汉语则相反，多用短句，简单句。
27）后院墙下，忽开一溪，得泉一脉，灌入墙内，绕阶缘屋至前院，盘旋竹下而出。
Through a foot-wide opening below the back wall flo