Reflexive verb.doc

Reflexive verb
In grammar, a reflexive verb is a verb whose semantic agent and patient (typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object) are the same. For example, the English verb to perjure is reflexive, since one can only perjure oneself. In a wider sense, the phrase refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is a reflexive pronoun, regardless of semantics; such verbs are also referred to as pronominal verbs, especially in grammars of the Romance languages.
There are languages that have explicit morphology to transform a verb into a reflexive form. English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically, as in "self-destruct"; Romance languages do the same with the Greek-derived prefix auto-.
In many languages, reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun, as in English -self (e.g., "She threw herself to the floor.")
及物動詞 + 反身代名詞（反身動詞reflexive verbs）
（注意：以反身代名詞為賓語的句子，不能改成被動。）
例句：
We enjoyed ourselves very much.（不可改為：Ourselves are very much enjoyed by us.）
He absented himself ( =was absent ) from school yesterday.
She prides herself ( =is proud of ) on her success.
He dressed himself ( =is dressed ) in uniform.
They seated themselves ( =were seated ) on the sofas.
I accustomed myself ( =was accustomed )to getting up early.
She devoted herself ( =was devoted )to music.
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英語主要的反身動詞(reflexive verbs)包括：
enjoy oneself「享樂」 absent oneself from「缺席、不到」
pride oneself on(upon)「以．．．自豪」 dress oneself in「穿著」
seat oneself on「坐在」 accustom oneself to「使自己習慣於」
devote oneself to「獻身於」 avail oneself of「利用」
apply oneself to「集中精力做」 associate oneself with「與．．．為伍」
possess oneself of「擁有」 prepare (oneself) for「準備」
engage (oneself) in「從事」 avenge oneself on「向．．．報仇」
interest oneself in「對．．．感到興趣」 amuse oneself with「以．．．自娛」
submit oneself to「服從」 subject oneself to「使自己遭受」
commit oneself to「承諾、負責」 break oneself off「戒除」（惡習）
guard (oneself) against「防備」 spend oneself on「鞠躬盡瘁」
help oneself to「自己取用」 present oneself before「出席、參加」
behave oneself (like)「守規矩（舉止、行為像．．．）」
make oneself at home「自在、不拘束」pull oneself together「控制自己（的感情）」
content oneself with 「以．．．滿足」

反身代词的用法
1. 作动词或介词的宾语：经常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce, seat, dress, express, amuse, behave等动词和by, for, to, of等介词后作宾语。如：
He is teaching herself English.她在自学英语。
She was talking to herself.她自言自语。
He lives by himself in the country.他独自住在乡下。
2. 作主语或宾语的同位语：主要起加强语气的作用，译作“亲自，本身，本人”。如：
Did you make the cake yourself? 这蛋糕是你亲自做的吗? (yourself作主语you的同位语)
The work itself is easy.这工作本身很容易。(itself作主语the work的同位语)
Did you see Mr. Wang himself? 你见过王先生本人吗？(himself作宾语Mr. Wang的同位语)
3. 作表语：在be, feel, look, seem等系动词后作表语，表示身体或精神状态处于正常。如：
I’m not myself today.今天我感觉不舒服。
I am feeling myself again.我觉得健康如昔。
4. 用于一些简短的会话用语或固定说法中。如：
Help yourself! 请随便吃吧！/请自己去取吧!
Make yourself at home! 别客气！
Don’t upset yourself! 别自寻烦恼(from www.yygrammar)！
Make yourself heard /understood. 使你的话被人听得见/理解。
5. 反身代词还可以与某些介词连用，组成固定搭配：
① by oneself：自己，一个人干
　　They made the machine all by themselves. 这机器完全是他们自己制造的。
　　This is a machine that works by itself. 这是一部自动化的机器。
　　② for oneself：替自己，为自己
　　She made no complaint for herself. 她没有替自己抱怨。
　　He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权自己决定。
　　③ in oneself：本身
　　This is not a bad idea in itself. 这主意本身并不错。
　　They were good men in themselves. 他们本身都是一些好人。
　　④ between ourselves：私下说的话
　　All this is between ourselves. 这些都不能告诉别人。
　　Between ourselves, he is a selfish man. 咱们私下说，他这个人很自私。
　　⑤ among themselves：……之间
　　They had a heated discussion among themselves. 他们之间进行了热烈的讨论。
　　They were always quarrelling among themselves. 他们老是相互争吵。
　　⑥ to oneself：供自己用
　　She had a room to herself 她自己住一间房。
　　I want a little time to myself. 我想有一点自己支配的时间。

Kinds of Sentences
Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a statement. A declarative sentence ends with a period.
Example: The house will be built on a hill.
Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a question. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.
Example: How did you find the card?
Exclamatory - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.
Example: The monster is attacking!
Imperative - An imperative sentence gives a command.
Example: Cheryl try the other door.
Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is understood.
Example: Look in the closet. (You, look in the closet.)

感叹句

1. 感叹句的定义
感叹句是一种表示强烈感情的句式，能表达喜悦、愤怒、悲哀、惊奇、厌恶和赞赏的思想感情。An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling.
What a beautiful flower it is! （表示赞赏）多漂亮的花啊！
What nonsense! （表示愤怒）胡说！ How strange they are! （表示惊奇）多奇妙呀！
2. 感叹句：What
以what开头的感叹句的结构模式：What + (a) + (形容词) + 名词 + （主语 + 谓语） + !
What beautiful roses (they are)! 多么美丽的玫瑰花呀！
What a lovely day (it is)! 多好的天气呀！ What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聪明的孩子！
3. 感叹句：How
以how开头的感叹句的结构模式：
（1）How + 形容词 副词（主语 + 谓语）+ !
How blue the sky is! 天空多么蓝啊！ How clever he is! 他多么聪明呀！
How quickly you walk! 你走得多快呀！
（2）How + 主语 + 谓语 + !
How she sings! 她唱得多好呀！ How he snores! 他真会打鼾！
4. 感叹句：疑问句形式
有些感叹句采用一般疑问句的形式表示，以否定词开头，标点符号用感叹号，在口语中用降调。
Isn't it a lovely view! 多美的景色呀！Aren't you working hard! 你干得多么起劲哪！
Didn't she sing well! 她唱得真好！
5. 感叹句：陈述句形式
陈述句只要改变原来的语调，即可构成感叹句。
It was such a nice party! 那是多么好的聚会呀！ The house is on fire! 房子着火啦！
The garden looks so lovely today! 今天花园显得多么可爱呀！
6. 感叹句：单词，短语
感叹句有时可以用单词或短语表达。
Fire! 着火啦！Good heavens! 天哪！Listen! 听！Look! 看！

Transferring Epithet
移就是英语语言中常见的一种修辞格，它的基本特点是形容词的修饰对象发生转移，即形容词的修饰对象或移物于人，或移物于物。移就修辞离不开具体交际环境和语境，同时它又是一种会话含义的体现。
Transferred epithet, a frequently used rhetoric device in English literature, is realized by transferring the epithet from an appropriate noun to modify another to which it doesn't really belong. As the result of speech event and one kind of conversational implications, transferred epithet is associated with context which is one of the key notions in pragmatics.
examples:
(1). He drew his coward sword. (2). The high-climbing hill.
(3). He steers the fearless ship. (4). And the merry bells ring round.