短文改错专题复习.doc

高考英语改错热点难点探讨一试题性质NMET短文改错是集语法知识与语言技能为一体的综合性英语试题，旨在考查学生对语言的评价、校正能力和对词汇、语法、语篇三要素的把握能力。“考试说明”将短文改错列入写作部分，间接考查考生的英语写作能力。高考短文改错要求以语篇为载体，从词语、句法、语篇结构及行文逻辑上判别正误。二、题型分析短文改错的题型设置通常以正确、多词、缺词和错词这四种形式出现，近五年各种形式所占 的比重（以全国卷为例）见表1。三错误设置由此可见，短文改错考查虽然涉及面广，但却有所侧重。考查点测试频率最高的是动词，涉及动词考查的有时态、语态、非谓语动词形式、情态动词和主谓一致等，是考查的热点；名词的考查往往占一个，并且是关于词尾变化的；代词、冠词、形容词、副词、介词、连词的基本用法也会考查一至两个。四、错词类型归纳,提高改错的准确率 命题角度 考点解题思路名词冠词判断名词前的冠词是否误用名词名词的数 句中名词该用单数还是复数动词 动词时态、语态以及主谓一致 根据上下文判断动词时态、语态是否有误、主谓搭配是否正确 非谓语动词分词、动名词、不定式 根据上下文判断非谓语动词是否误用 代词人称代词的格、指示代词及关系代词与从句关系 1.人称代词的格是否误用 2.代词前后指代是否一致3.定语从句中关系词是否误用形容词、副词词法判断句中形容词和副词是否误用 介词惯用法惯用法中介词是否误用 连词句法判断句中并列连词、从属连词是否误用 五、应试技巧点拨 1）通读全文，了解文章主旨大意，确定文章的题材、体裁，把握文章的背景知识。 （2）逐句分析，把握结构。粗略分析词法、句法、逻辑上是否有问题。 （3）逐行修改，先易后难。 （4）复读全文，验证答案。一要注意错误点的分散与比例，二要注意答题是否合乎规范。下面就具体介绍短文改错中的常见问题：v 一、一致性问题v 1.主谓一致v 1)What are your favourite sport？v 2)Play football not only makes us grow up tall 。v 3)Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library. 2.时态一致v 1)It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. v 2)They offered me coffee and other drinks.We have a good time talking and laughing.v 3)Hello，I learn about you from my English teacher， 3.名词的单复数一致v 1)and asked me lots of question. v 2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths， v 3)and often watch football match on TV 4.代词的性、数一致1)The Smiths did his best to make me feel 2)And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the games 3)Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. 5.语意一致She was smiling but nodding at me.二、词义的重叠（赘述）v 高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词，从而使句子表达不合规范或造成逻辑上的重复。v （1）I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.v （2）Can you tell me about what I should do? （3）I had to look up to the same word many times, . 三、逻辑关系。v 复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。（1）I wont be able to meet you at the airport although I have classes in the afternoon. （2）I dont know that they dont like to talk with me. (3)I live in Beijing，where is the capital of China.四、固定结构（固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配）v 所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能缺，固定搭配要前后一致等。（1）Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was . （2）I am sure they will laugh to me and see me as a fool.（3）from friends can all provide you for stamps from all over the world.具体实例子(1) -应用文押中指数【押题依据】 英语应用文是实用性较强的书面交际方式，是短文改错中最常用的体裁，全国卷（I、IV）均为应用文体裁，多是信件写作，短文改错中书信、通知、日记将是主流押题一Dear Ron,I was exciting to hear that you are coming to our school soon. Now let me to introduce our school to you. Our school is a famous school with long history. We have many experience teachers and excellent equipment. There are two teach buildings. There are too one lab building and one dorm building. Except Chinese, maths, English, physics and chemistry, we still have some subjects. The students can choose whichever they would like attend. We love our school. I am looking to meet you. Yours, Li Hua归纳短文改错错误类型:(一) 词法的测试1.名词：主要是查名词是否可数，与其修饰语是否一致。eg: 1) I have many hobby, such as football, sing, listen music. Hobby是可数名词，在这要用复数形式；playing football是一项运动，football只是一种球； sing和listen to 要用动名词形式。 2) Do exercises do good to our healthy. exercise作运动讲是不可数名词，do exercise作主语要用动名词形式，谓动用单数；healthy是形容词， 这里要用名词形式。 3) Reading books is one of my hobby. one of 后的名词应用复数形式。2. 代词：对于短文中出现的每一个代词都要查一下它所指代的内容及在句中的作用，注意其数、格、词性是否正确和前后是否一致，常考的代词包括人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、关系代词及疑问代词等。1).He drove too fast, and the police stopped her.前面提到的是he而后面却用her来代，故应将her改为him. 2).This is the best film which I have ever seen. 先行词前有最高级修饰应用关系代词that 而不是which。3. 冠词：英语中只有三个冠词，但用起来却很复杂，在短文改 错中，错误不外乎该用冠词时没有用，不该用时却用了；该用an用了a，该用a(n)却用了the.1) I meant to write letter and tell you all the thingsletter为可数名词,故write后应加a. 2) I like playing the football. 去the 3) He is a honest boy. a改为an4. 介词：检查介词主要是查介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配，介词惯用词组等是否正确。1) I am writing to thank you with your kind help.thank sb. for sth.为固定搭配，故应将with 改为for.2) Im the happiest in all.此句想表达的意思是“我是所有人中最高兴的”。故应将in改为 of. 3) Under the help of my father, I under 改为 with 4) He went to Beijing in next Sunday. in 改为on5. 形容词、副词：形容词、副词的误用主要指在该用形容词的地方用了副词，该用副词的地方用了形容词。改错行中出现形容词或副词时就要仔细分析该形容词或副词修饰什么，形式是否正确，是原级、比较级还是最高级。形容词、副词误用也是常考的改错项目之一。1) I had not interest in English .interest是名词，应用形容词no来修饰，而not是副词，副词不能修饰名2) These are the happier girls Ive ever seen.(NMET2007)此处有Ive ever seen限定，应用最高级，故happier应改为 happiest.3) You can borrow a book very easy. easy 改为easily.4) These books are very worth reading. 用well 修饰6. 连词：短文改错中出现连词就要判断连词用的是否正确，是否 符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系。此外如果是平行结构就要注意前后时态、语态、词性一致问题平行结构常借助与并列连词and , or , but , not onlybut also, notbut, eitheror, neither nor, as well as等。1) As it has been raining these days, so we have decided to put off our sports meeting. 由于前句有As引导原因状语从句，因此后句不能再用so,故应把so 去掉。 2) The population is growing, but the earth must support too many people. 根据上下文意思判断，前后两个并列分句不存在意义上的折，所以but应改为and或so.这是典型的并列连词误用。7. 动词：动词错误在短文改错中所占比重最大，它所涉及的错误 包括动词的时态、语态错误；易混动词的用法错误; 动 词的第三人称单数错误；动词的非谓语形式，以及动词的句型搭配错误等。在改错题中，动词方面的考查比例较大。1) 动词的时态、语态错误a. I will write again and send you the photos we take together.take photos动作发生在过去，应用过去时. b. The book you borrowed from the library should returned in five days. 根据本句意义，should后应加上been，构成被动语态。c. In school, I often playing football for my friends. playing改为 play; for 改为with2) 易混动词使用错误a. I persuaded him to stop smoking, but he didnt listen. persuade 意为“说服”，强调成功的结果，而根据下句 he didnt listen可知，劝说并没有成功，故应改persuaded为 advised.b. You please rise your hands. rise是不及物动词，而raise是及物动词，所以举手应用 raise your hands.这属于及物动词与不及物动词的误用。3) 非谓语动词使用错误a. We are looking forward to see you on the birthday party. look forward to 中的to是介词，应加动名词，将see改为seeing.b. Im sorry I keep you wait for a long time .I got caught in the traffic.在任何情况下keep均和doing连用，如keep doing sth.; keep sb. (sth).doing sth. ;keep from doing 等.c. Id like to your pen friend, and get to know more about your country.to后加be。因其后是名词，而不是动词原形，不能直接用to.8. 词语固定搭配:主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词、动词的固定搭配；及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词，英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。1) My teacher advised me to keep my diary.keep a diary是固定搭配，意思是“写日记”.2) In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To ones surprise 是固定搭配3) I thought that was dull to watch a game(NMET2005)此题考查it的功能，It + be + adj. + to do为固定结构。4) the activities are not only enjoyable and also helpful.解析： not only but also为固定结构，故将and 改为but.5) I have no difficulty learn maths.have difficulty (in) doing sth.为固定结构6) He spends too much time play games.spend some time (in) doing sth.为固定结构 (二) 句法的测试：1主谓语在数上的一致；I hope everything are ok with you. are 改为is2名词性从句；A man came up to him and asked that he needed. that是连词，在从句中无任何意义，而后面的宾语从句缺宾语，用what引导宾语从句作宾语从句的宾语。 3定语从句；This would save the life of many animals, some of then have almost died out.them改为 which4强调句型；It is/was +被强调的部分+that/whoIt was in 1949 when he joined the army. when改为that5句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。改错题考察什么能力？短文改错并不是检测语法知识，而是检测语篇的处理能力和在特定语境中对语言的使用进行评价的能力。因此，短文改错中的错误及涉及到的语法或词汇，考生处理这些问题需要根据短文的整体语境来进行判断。一、动词形主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。例如She liked it very much and reads it to the class. Now my picture and prize is hanging in the library. 二名词数指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。例如： so that Ill get good marks in all my subject. Their word were a great encouragement to me. _三、还要注意形和副注意形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改错题的常考点。例如I would describe myself as shy and quietly. _He asked angry if we had finished the work. _ 四、非谓语，细辨别这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有现在分词、过去分词，动名词和不定式错误。例如：My parents love me and will do all they can make sure We fed monkeys, visiting temple and told stories. _Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express myself in simple English. _五、习惯用法要记住主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识，其错误表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。例如：Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher. _My teacher advised me to keep my diary. _六、句子成分多分析不同的句子成分要用不同的词类；不同的语境要选择不同的词语。只有对句子结构和成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。例如：: I dont know that they dont like to talk with me. _I live in Beijing，where is the capital of China. _ 七、逻辑错误须关注与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误，如称谓上的张冠李戴。例如：The main problem was that I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English. _: Some students may also save up for our college or future use. _八、冠词、连词常光顾常考的错误形式有：连词but， and， or和so的用法错误，以及冠词的用法错误等。例如： She was smiling but nodding at me It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. We may be one family and live under a same roof. At Christmas Eve, Jim went with hisfather to choose a Christmas tree. They choose a big one. It was almost as taller as the room!They put them in the corner of the sittingroom. Kate was covered it with a lot of Christmas light. The sitting room lookedreally beautifully at the moment. There was a fire burning in the fire place, but theChristmastree lights were shinning brightly. Jim and his parents singing and dancing happily.6