第二部分词义猜测题.doc

考点13　词义猜测之猜测词义题
真题解密
When I was 12，all I wanted was a signet(图章) ring.They were the “in” thing and it seemed every girl except me had one.On my 13th birthday，my Mum gave me a signet ring with my initials(姓名首字母) carved into it.I was in heaven.
What made it even more special was that it was about the only thing that wasn’t being “replaced”．We’d been burnt out in fires that swept through our area earlier that year and had lost everything—so most of the “new” stuff(东西) we got was really just to replace what we’d lost.But not my ring.My ring was new.
Then，only one month later，I lost it.I took it off before bed and it was missing in the morning.I was sad and searched everywhere for it.But it seemed to have disappeared.Eventually，I gave up and stopped looking for it.And two years later，we sold the house and moved away.
Years passed，and a couple of moves later，I was visiting my parents’ when Mum told me that she had something for me.It wasn’t my birthday，nor was it Easter or Christmas or any other gift­giving occasion.Mum noticed my questioning look.“You’ll recognize this one，” she said，smiling.
Then she handed me a small ring box.I took it from her and opened it to find my beautiful signet ring inside.
The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier had recently decided to do some redecorations，which included replacing the carpets.When they pulled the carpet up in my old bedroom，they found the ring.As it had my initials carved into it，they realized who owned the ring.They’d had it professionally cleaned up by a jeweler before sending it to my mother.
And it still fits me. (2013·福建，A)
56．The underlined word “in” in the first paragraph probably means “________”．
A．fashionable B．available
C．practical D．renewable
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。从文中第一段的第一句“When I was 12，all I wanted was a signet ring.”以及第二句“...it seemed every girl except me had one.”可知，除了作者外，其他女孩都有一枚戒指，所以答案为A项。
57．When she got the ring back，the writer was about ________.
A．13 years old B．15 years old
C．26 years old D．28 years old
答案　D
解析　数字推断题。根据第一段中的“On my 13th birthday，my Mum gave me a signet ring...”，第三段最后一句“And two years later，we sold the house and moved away.”和第六段第一句“The family who had bought our house 13 years earlier...”可知作者13岁得到戒指，过了两年她家卖了房子，房子卖了13年后，作者再次得到戒指，故D项符合。
58．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．The writer’s family moved several times.
B．The writer never stopped looking for her ring.
C．The writer’s ring was cleaned up by the new house owner.
D．The writer lost her ring in the morning when she took it off.
答案　A
解析　信息推断题。根据文章第四段中的“Years passed，and a couple of moves later...”，可知作者搬了几次家。其他选项均不符合原文。
59．What would be the best title for the passage?
A．My New Ring B．Lost and Found
C．Lost and Replaced D．An Expensive Ring
答案　B
解析　标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了作者13岁生日时，作者的妈妈送给她一枚戒指。但是，不幸的是，戒指丢了，过了15年竟然意外地被别人找到，所以B项正确。
技巧归纳
此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转化法和合成法，高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题主要集中表现为派生和合成两种形式。有的题需要利用上下文的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。
趁热打铁
The light from the campfire brightened the darkness，but it could not prevent the damp cold of Dennis’s Swamp(沼泽地) creeping into their bones.It was a strange place.Martin and Tom wished that they had not accepted Jack’s dare.They liked camping，but not near this swamp.
“So，” Martin asked as they sat watching the hot coals.“How did this place get its name？”
“Are you sure you want to hear it? It’s a scary story，” warned Jack.
“Of course！” cried out Tom.“If there were anything to be scared of，you wouldn’t have chosen this place！”
“OK，but don’t say I didn’t warn you，” said Jack，and he began his tale.
“Way back in time，a man called Dennis tried to start a farm here.He built that cottage over there to live in.In those days，the area looked quite different—it was covered with tall trees and the swamp was a crystal­clear river.After three hard years，Dennis had cleared several fields and planted crops.He was so proud of his success that he refused to listen to advice.”
“‘You are clearing too much land，’ warned one old man.‘The land is a living thing.It will hit back at you if you abuse it.’”
“‘Silly fool，’ said Dennis to himself.‘If I clear more land，I can grow more crops.I’ll become wealthier.He’s just jealous！’”
“Dennis continued to chop down trees.Small animals that relied on them for food and shelter were destroyed.He was so eager to expand his farm that he did not notice the river flowing slowly towards his door.He did not notice salt seeping to the surface of the land.He did not notice swamp plants choking all the native plants.”
“What happened？” Martin asked.It was growing colder.He trembled，twisting his body closer to the fire.
“The land hit back—just as the old man warned，” Jack shrugged.“Dennis disappeared.Old folks around here believe that swamp plants moved up from the river and dragged him underwater.His body was never found.”
“What a stupid story，” laughed Tom.“Plants can’t...” Before he had finished speaking，he screamed and fainted(晕倒)．The other two boys jumped up with fright，staring at Tom.Suddenly，they burst out laughing.Some green swamp ivy(常春藤) had covered Tom’s face.It was a while before Tom could appreciate the joke. (2013·江西，A)
56．The underlined word “dare” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．courage B．assistance
C．instruction D．challenge
答案　D
解析　词义猜测题。通过对上下文的理解可知，他们接受了Jack的挑战，而来到这片沼泽地。
57．Why did Jack tell Tom and Martin the story?
A．To frighten them.
B．To satisfy their curiosity.
C．To warn them of the danger of the place.
D．To persuade them to camp in the swamp.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。由第二、四段可知，Martin和Tom对沼泽地名字的由来感到很好奇。
58．Why did Dennis ignore the warning of the old man?
A．The old man envied him.
B．The old man was foolish.
C．He was too busy to listen to others.
D．He was greedy for more crops.
答案　D
解析　细节理解题。根据“If I clear more land，I can grow more crops.I’ll become wealthier.He’s just jealous！”可知，Dennis认为，开垦更多的土地，就能种植更多的庄稼，他就会变得更加富有。因此，D项正确。
59．Why did Tom scream and faint?
A．He saw Dennis’s shadow.
B．He was scared by a plant.
C．His friends played a joke on him.
D．The weather became extremely cold.
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Some green swamp ivy(常春藤) had covered Tom’s face.”可知B项正确。
60．What lesson can we learn from the story of Dennis?
A．Grasp all，lose all.
B．No sweat，no sweet.
C．It is no use crying over spilt milk.
D．He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
答案　A
解析　推理判断题。从Dennis的故事中，我们得到的教训是：贪多必失。

考点14　词义猜测之猜测短语题
真题解密
Many people think that listening is a passive business.It is just the opposite.Listening well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work.It is because they do not realize this，or because they are not willing to do the work，that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else.An essential part of listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’．Bracketing includes the temporary giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires，to experience as far as possible someone else’s world from the inside，stepping_into_his_or_her_shoes.Moreover，since listening well involves bracketing，it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other person.Sensing this acceptance，the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner part of his or her mind to the listener.True communication is under way.The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy.Even though we may feel in our business dealings or social relationships that we are listening well，what we are usually doing is listening selectively.Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder，as we listen，how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us.Many of us are far more interested in talking than in listening，or we simply refuse to listen to what we don’t want to hear.
It wasn’t until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的)．In about a quarter of the patients I saw，surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of the psychotherapy(心理疗法)，before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or explained.There are several reasons for this phenomenon，but chief among them，I believe，was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to，often for the first time in years，and for some，perhaps for the first time ever. (2013·江西，C)
66．The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes” in Paragraph 2 probably means __
A．preparing a topic list first
B．focusing on one’s own mind
C．directing the talk to the desired results
D．experiencing the speaker’s inside world
答案　D
解析　词义猜测题。stepping into his or her shoes意思是“设身处地地考虑别人的感受”，在本题中与D项的意思最为相符。
67．What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?
A．How to listen well.
B．What to listen to.
C．Benefits of listening.
D．Problems in listening.
答案　A
解析　段落大意题。第二段分析的是listening well所包含的要素，即how go listen well。
68．According to the author，in communication people tend to ________.
A．listen actively
B．listen purposefully
C．set aside their prejudices
D．open up their inner mind
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据第三段的“Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder，as we listen，how we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us.”可知B项正确。
69．According to the author，the patients improved mainly because ________.
A．they were taken good care of
B．they knew they were truly listened to
C．they had partners to talk to
D．they knew the roots of problems
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。根据最后一段“...I believe，was the patient’s sense that he or she was being truly listened to，often for the first time in years，and for some，perhaps for the first time ever.”可知B项符合题意。
70．What type of writing is the article likely to be?
A．Science fiction. B．A news report.
C．A medical report. D．Popular science.
答案　D
解析　文章类型题。文章主要介绍与listening well有关的知识，不属于科幻小说，不属于新闻报道，也不是医学报告。故选D项。
技巧归纳
猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它的 意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。
趁热打铁
While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class，a monitor(监控器) a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.
Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer’s Los Angeles apartment，the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room.Her Internet access was locked—remotely—to prevent Internet searches，and her typing style was analyzed to make sure she was who she said she was: Did she enter her student number at the same speed as she had in the past? Or was she slowing down?
In the battle against cheating，this is the cutting__edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education.The technology gives trust to the entire system，to the institution and to online education in general. Only with solid measures against cheating，experts say，can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid—that students haven’t just searched the Internet to get the right answers.
Although online classes have existed for more than a decade，the concern over cheating has become sharper in the last year with the growth of “open online courses.” Private colleges，public universities and corporations are jumping into the online education field，spending millions of dollars to attract potential students，while also taking steps to help guarantee honesty at a distance.
Aside from the web cameras，a number of other high­tech methods are becoming increasingly popular.Among them are programs that check students’ identities using personal information，such as the telephone numbers they once used.
Other programs can produce unique exams by drawing on a large list of questions and can recognize possible cheaters by analyzing whether difficult test questions are answered at the same speed as easy ones.As in many university classes，term papers are scanned against some large Internet data banks for cheating. (2013·广东，D)
41．Why was Jennifer watched in an online exam?
A．To correct her typing mistakes.
B．To find her secrets in the room.
C．To prevent her from slowing down.
D．To keep her from dishonest behaviors.
答案　D
解析　推理判断题。由第三段第一句“In the battle against cheating...”可知，前面两段对Jennifer在家考试受监控器的监控的具体描述是为了防止她作弊。
42．The underlined expression cutting edge in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “________”．
A．advanced technique
B．sharpening tool
C．effective rule
D．dividing line
答案　A
解析　词义猜测题。由第二段的具体描述来看，这是防止作弊的先进技术，另外，也可以从第五段第一句中的other high­tech methods(另外的高科技方法)得到启示，故选A项。其他选项“磨锐刀具”、“有效的规则”、“分界线”都不合语境。
43．For Internet universities，exams and diplomas will be valid if ________.
A．they can attract potential students
B．they can defeat academic cheating
C．they offer students online help
D．they offer many online courses
答案　B
解析　细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“Only with solid measures against cheating，experts say，can Internet universities show that their exams and diplomas are valid...”可知，只有有了打击作弊的强有力的措施，网络大学才能表明他们的考试和文凭是有效的。
44．Some programs can find out possible cheaters by ________.
A．checking the question answering speed
B．producing a large number of questions
C．scanning the Internet test questions
D．giving difficult test questions
答案　A
解析　细节理解题。由最后一段第一句“...recognize possible cheaters by analyzing whether difficult test questions are answered at the same speed as easy ones.”可知，一些程序是通过分析答题的速度来判断是否作弊，故选A项。
45．Which of the following is the best title of this passage?
A．The Advantages of Online Exams
B．The High­tech Methods in Online Courses
C．The Fight Against Cheating in Online Education
D．The War Against the Booming of Online Education
答案　C
解析　标题归纳题。选项A(在线考试的优点)文中无此内容，应排除；选项B(在线课程的高科技方法)的范围过大，文中只提到防止作弊的高科技方法，应排除；选项D(反对网络教育蓬勃发展的战争)与短文内容不符，应排除；全文都是介绍打击网络教育中考试作弊的方法和手段，故选C项。

考点15　词义猜测之猜测指代题
真题解密
Sparrow is a fast­food chain with 200 restaurants.Some years ago，the group to which Sparrow belonged was taken over by another company.Although Sparrow showed no sign of declining，the chain was generally in an unhealthy state.With more and more fast­food concepts reaching the market，the Sparrow menu had to struggle for attention.And to make matters worse，its new owner had no plans to give it the funds it required.
Sparrow failed to grow for another two years，until a new CEO，Carl Pearson，decided to build up its market share.He did a survey，which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain，while customers of other fast­food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.Sparrow had to develop a new promotional