延续性动词和终止性动词的区别及用法.doc

延续性动词和终止性动词的区别及用法

一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。  终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。 
二、延续性动词的用法特征 
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。 
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如： 
-When did you get to know Jack? 
-Two years ago. 
-Then you've known each other for more than two years. 
-That's right. 
三、终止性动词的用法特征 
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如： 
The train has arrived.火车到了。 
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？ 
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如： 
(1)他死了三年了。 
误：He has died for three years. 
正：He has been dead for three years. 
正：He died three years ago. 
正：It is three years since he died. 
正：Three years has passed since he died. 
(2)他来这儿五天了。 
误：He has come here for five days. 
正：He has been here for five days. 
正：He came here five days ago. 
正：It is five days since he came here. 
正：Five days has passed since he came here. 
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法： 
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。 
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。 
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。 
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。 
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如： 
He hasn't left here since 1986. 
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks. 
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型，意为"直到……才……"。如： 
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。 
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。 
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如： 
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词) 
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语) 
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如： 
误：How long have you come here? 
正：How long have you been here? 
正：When did you come here?

延续性动词与非延续性动词及其转换

动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。
一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间,for 2 years; since从句,since he came here; since+时间点名词,since last year, since 5 days ago; how long; for a long time等。
例:He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. I stayed there for 2 weeks last year. How long did you stay there last year?
二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词，表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 o'clock;
例:He died 5 years ago.
否定的终止性动词可以与表示时间段的时间状语连用。例:I haven't left here for 3 years. I haven't heard from him for 3 weeks.
三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换：leave --- be away, borrow --- keep, buy --- have, begin/start --- be on, die be dead, finish --- be over, join --- be in+组织机构, be a member of+组织机构, open sth --- keep sth open, fall ill --- be ill, get up---be up, catch a cold --- have a cold, come here --- be here, go there --- be there, become --- be, come back --- be back, fall asleep --- be asleep, get to/ arrive/reach --- be (in), leave --- be away from, get to know --- know, go (get) out →be out， put on→ wear；catch a cold →have a cold等。 例:The old man died 4 years ago. ----The old man has been dead for 4 years. ---- It is 4 years since the old man died. ----Four years has passed since the old man died. He joined the Party 2 years ago. -----He has been in the Party for 2 years. I bought the book 5 days ago. ---- I have had the book for 5 days.
补充练习：
1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus ________ for 20 minutes.
A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away
2. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.
A. joined B. have joined C. have been in
3. The factory ________ since the February of 1988.
A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened
4. Mary and Rose _______friends since they met in 2000.
A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become
5.You mustn't ________ until he comes back.
A. be away B. leave C. be left
6.The meeting _______ for a week now.
A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over
7.Miss Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.
A. has been in B. has come to C. has taught
8.Ben ______ a teacher for 4 years .
A. has been B. has become C. was D. became
9. I ______ home for a week.
A. have returned B. have been back C. returned
10. How long _______ he ________ ?
A. died B. has, died C. has, been dead
11. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. has sleep D. had slept
12.He ________ the car for a week.
A. bought B. has bought C. has had
13.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.
A. did fall B. have, fell C. have, been
14.Since 2000, he _____ his hometown.
A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from
15.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.
A. borrow B. keep C. take
16.The bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.
A. has stopped B. stopped C. has been
17.Are you _____ the jacket these days?
A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. on
18.He ________ foe 2 hours.
A. got up B. has got up C. has been up
19. Tom is ill in hospital. He _______ a cold for several days.
A. is B. catches C. has caught D. has had
20.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks.
A. borrow B. lend C. get D. keep
Key:
1---5 D C A B B; 6---10 C A A B C; 11---15 B C C C B; 16---20 C A C D D

初中英语中短暂性动词与延续性动词的用法

英语中，按动词延续的时间长短，可将动词分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。延续性动词如learn, study, work, play, wait等。短暂性动词是非延续性动词，即动作一开始便结束的动词，又可称结束性动词，瞬间动词，如come, go, begin, start, become, join, end, die, buy, arrive, reach, borrow, lend, get to know等。
一．短暂性动词与延续性动词在现在完成时中的用法：
现在完成时中用法（一）：
表示发生在过去，迄今已经完成，并对现在产生影响或产生结果的动作， 常用ever, yet, already, just等状语谓语动词既可是延续性动词，也可是短暂性动词。
如：She has just borrowed the book from the library.(borrow是短暂性动词)
    I have learned a little about Japanese. (learn 是延续性动词)
现在完成时中用法（二）：
表示始于过去某时并一直延续到现在的动作或状态，常与表示始于过去某一时刻并一直延续到现在的时间状语连用。
如：They have lived in Nantong since 1990. (live 是延续性动词）
    Mr. Black has worked here since he came to China.(work 是延续性动词)
       I have learned English for two and a half years.(learn 是延续性动词)
所以，在现在完成时中用法（二）中，在表示持续一段时间的句子中，应将短暂性动词转化为相同意义的延续性动词或状态动词。
初中英语中常见的有：
结束性动词
go, leave, move
arrive, come, reach
join,  become
buy, get(得到)
fall ill (asleep)
finish, end
begin , start
begin to learn (work ,read，rain)
go out
get up
borrow
get to know
die
lose
延续性动词
be away (off),   be out of
be here , be in +某地
be in  ,  be a (an) + n.
have
be ill (asleep)
be over
be on
learn, work , read,  rain
be out
be up
keep
know
be dead
be lost
例如：
1. His grandfather has died for ten years.(F)
    His grandfather has been dead for ten years.(T)
2. My brother has joined the army for five years.(F)
    My brother has been in the army for five years.(T)
    My brother has been an armyman for ten years.(F)
3. He has gone away for a week.(F)  He has been away for a week.(T)
4. The film has begun for fifteen minutes.(F) 
     The film has been on for fifteen minutes.(T)
但是，短暂性动词的现在完成时的否定形式可以表示一种延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段的状语连用。如:
（1）Mrs. Smith hasn't left her hometown for twenty years.
        史密斯太太已有二十年没有离开家乡了。
   (2) The little girl hasn't come to my home for a long time.
        这个小孩已有好长时间没来我家了。
  （3）I haven't borrowed the books from the library for two months.
        我已有两个月没从这个图书馆借书了。
二．在When, while, as 引导的时间状语从句中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。
when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句都可表示"当……时"，但也有区别。
when可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可表示短暂性，一时性的动作，又可表示延续性的动作。由when引导的状语从句其谓语动词可以是延续性动词也可以是短暂性动词。
while只能表示延续性的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂性的动作，引导的状语从句中谓语动词是延续性动词。
as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般同延续性动词连用。as 和 while 可译为“一边……一边……”，“正当……的时候”。例如：
 (1) She came into the room when (while, as) the meeting was going on.(go on 为延续性动词词语)
      正当开会的时候，他走进了房间。（指一段时间）
（2）When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.(come是短暂性动词)
      她来的时候我会叫她等你的。（指一点时间，不能用while)
(3) I made many friends when (while) I lived in Beijing. (live 是延续性动词)
      我住在北京时交了许多朋友。（指一段时间）
（4）While ( As) Helen was reading , Jack was writing.(read是延续性动词)
  海伦阅读时，杰克在写东西。（指一段时间）
三．（not）...till / until句式中短暂性动词与延续性动词的运用。

till  和 until 这两个词的意思都是"直到……"，引导一个表示一端时间的状语，其后的介词宾语或从句表明这段时间的终点，用法相近，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；正在否定句中，until或till 可以和非延续性动词连用，这时, until和before 同义，not...until 和 not...before 意思相同，表示"直到......才","在.......以前不"。例如：
（1）My father kept working in the office till (until) twelve o'clock last night.
            我父亲昨晚在办公室一直工作到十二点。
   (2) I waited there till (until) noon yesterday.
           我昨天在那儿一直等到中午。
(3) She stood there till (until) he had passed out of sight. (stand为延续性动词)
            她站在那里看着，直到望不见他的身影。
   (4) He didn't go into the room until I returned.(go into 为 短暂性动词)
            直到我回来他才进入房间。
   (5) Until (不用till)he had finished their homework, they didn't go home.
           他们直到工作完成了才回家。(go home 是短暂性动词）
  （6）We can not leave school until (till) Saturday.(leave 是短暂性动词）
               我们到周六才可离校。
  （7）I didn't finish reading that story till (until) yesterday.
         我直到昨天才看完那个故事。（finish是短暂性动词）
       另外，有些动词。既可用作延续性动词，也可用作非延续性动词，因此，其肯定式和否定式均与until或 till 连用，但表示的意义往往不同。
    例如：He ate until it was dark.他吃饭一直吃到天黑。（eat为延续性动词)
          He didn't eat until it was dark. 他直到天黑才吃饭。（eat为短暂性动词）
四．在可以用How long 提问表示一段时间的句子中，谓语动作通常使用延续性动词。如：
（1）----How ling will the meeting last? The meeting will last two hours.
    (2) -----How long can I keep the book? You can keep the book for two weeks.
    (3) -----How long has she studied English? She has studied English for three years.
    (4) -----How long did his mother keep on working yesterday?
       -----His mother kept on working for six hours yesterday?
        可以看出，这些句子中的谓语动词last, keep, study 都是延续性动词