英语写作过程性词汇表.doc

Similarity Relations
like
look*like
resembl*
approximate*
similar to
identical with
identical to
parallel to
parallel with
analogous to
the same as
comparable to
shar*
akin to
a kind of
counterpart*of
correspond*to
match*
proportional to
an equivalent of
equal to
equivalent to

indistinguishable fro
synonymous with
consist*of
constitut*
represent*
considered as
interpreted as
regarded as
thought of as
approach
Difference Relations
as opposed to
different from
dissimilar
distinct from
distinguished from
opposite
unlike
differ*from
conflict*
polar
contradictory
Inclusion Relations
a kind of
a sort of
a member of
a type of
belong*to
fall*into
fell into
a case of
a class of
a form of
a variant of
a family of
contain*
embody*
cover*
encompass*
include*
as illustrated by
exemplified by
represented by
an example of
prototype of
representative of
occur*as
rang*from
var*from
categor*
famil*
variet*
classification*
coverage*
group*
a component of
an ingredient of
an element of
a part of
a section of
a segment of
composed of
comprised of
divided into
subdivided into
partitioned into
equipped with
filled with
formed by
made from
made up of
provided with
compris*
consist*of
component*
member*
the remaining
portion*
subunit*
unit*
system*
a fragment of
a piece of
a portion of
appear*in
characteristic*of
trait*of
feature*of
part*of
characterized by
possess*
form*
the*feature of

Exclusion Relations
absent from
excluded from
to the exclusion of
devoid of
free of
lack*
missing
Change of State
aris*from
arose from
aris*out of
arose out of
a derivative of
a product of
com*from
came from
deriv*from
develop*from
originat*from
giv*rise to
gave rise to
giv*away to
gave away to
yield*
follow*
caus*
produc*
belong*to
due to
produced by
produced from
the result of
result*from
result*in
the reason why
the finding of
converted to
becom*
became
branch*into
evolv*into
transform*into
render*
turn*into
switch*
chang*into
grow*
grew
shift*
develop*
process of
Functioning
act*as act*to behav*like
function as
ha*a role in
play*the role of
play*a part in
provid*
serv*as
useful for
used for
used to do
chosen as
employ*as
method*
means
Spatial Relations
adjacent to
contained in
contained within
coated with
covered with
embedded in
equidistant
parallel to
inserted into
positioned at
separated
surrounded by
fac*
situat*
sit*
sat
stand*
stood
resid*
surround
found in
exist*in
there*
arranged
distributed
located
placed
extend*
lie
lay
lain
lying
opposite
Temporal Relations
previous
current*
present
at once
soon
former
later
past
following
temporal*
permanent*
last*
gradual*
sudden*
eternal*
immediate*
timely
early
late
duration
already
yet
pre-*
post-*
urgent*
thereupon
hitherto
henceforward
henceforth
first*
second*
third*
forth*
fifth*
sixth*
at first
first of all
in the end
at last
final*
next*
annual*
yearly
monthly
weekly
daily
always
often
sometimes
seldom
hardly
never
ever
once
twice
frequent*
constant*
simultaneous*
no longer
no more
not any more
not any longer
continual*
continuous*
average
regular*
future
with*frequency
Physical Characteristics
extend*
measur*
maintain*
weigh*
*-colored
*-sized
*-formed
*-part
*-shaped
ha*a*-like appearance
in the form of
in the shape of
in shades of
dimension
be
is
are
was
were
being
been
in shape
with a*c
with*co
shape
look
Quantity Modification
a high percentage of
a small percentage of
a percentage of
rate of
percent
proportio
a variety of
a quantity of
volume*of
amount*of
number*of
part*of
a class of
a family of
a series o
a set of
1. It 作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2. 强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us. 3. "All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词) He was all gentleness to her. 4. 利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5. "something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"， 表示程度。 在疑问句或条件从句中， 则为"anything of"，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of" 可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like 译为"有点像，略似。 " They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6. 同格名词修饰是指 of 前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构 一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为"她 那骗子般的父亲"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7. as…as…can(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8. "It is in(with)…as in(with)" It is in life as in a journey. 9. "as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如;实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10."many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，不如……，更好"，"以这样做……为宜"，"如同……， 也可以……"等等。"might as well…as"表示不可能的事，可译为"犹如……"，"可与……一样 荒唐"，"与其那样不如这样的好"等等。 One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. 11."to make…of"的译法(使……成为……，把……当作) I will make a scientist of my son. 12. oo…+不定式"，not(never)too…+不定式"，"too…not+不定式 She is too angry to speak. 13. only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so 和"too ready (apt) + to do"结构中，不定式也没 有否定意义，凡是"not"，"all""but 等字后+"too…to，"不定式都失去了否定意义，在"too ready(apt) +to do"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。 You know but too yell to hold your tongue. 14. "no more …than…"句型 A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 15. "not so much…as"和"not so much as …"结构，"not so much…as"="not so much as …"， 其中 as 有进可换用 but rather，可译为："与其说是……毋须说是……"。而"not so much as"="without(not)even，"可译为"甚至……还没有"。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 16. "Nothing is more…than"和"Nothing is so …as"结构，"Nothing is more…than"和
"Nothing is so …as"都具有最高级比较的意思， "Nothing I"可换用"no"， "nobody"， "nowhere"， "little"，"few"，"hardly"，"scarcely"等等，可译为"没有……比……更为"，"像……

再没有了 "，"最……"等。 Nothing is more precious than time. 17. "cannot…too…"结构,"cannot…too…"意为"It is impossible to overdo…"或者，即"无论 怎样……也不算过分"。 "not"可换用"hardly"， "scarcely"等， "too"可换用"enough"， "sufficient" 等。 You cannot be too careful. 18. "否定+but "结构，在否定词后面的"but"，具有"which not"，"who not"，"that not"， 等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成"没有……不是"或"……都……"等。 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse. 19. "否定+until (till)"结构，在否定词"no"，"not"，"never"，"little"，"few"，"seldom"等 的后边所接用的 "until/ till"，多数情况下译为"直到……才……"，"要……才……"，把否定 译为肯定。 Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried. 20. "not so…but"和"not such a …but"结构，这两个结构和"否定+but"的结构差不多，不 同之点是这两个结构中的"but"是含有"that…not"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为"还没 有……到不能做……的程度"，"并不是……不……"，"无论怎样……也不是不能……"等。 He is not so sick but he can come to school. 21. "疑问词+should…but"结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为"none…but"，可译 为"除了……还有谁会……"，"岂料"，"想不到……竟是……"等。 Who should write it but himself? 22. "who knows but (that)…"和"who could should…but"结构， 这个结构是反问形式， 一般 意译为"多半"，"亦未可知"等等，有时也可直译。 Who knows but (that) he may go? 23. "祈使句+and"和"祈使句+or"结构，"祈使句+and"表示"If…you…"，"祈使名+or"表示 "if…not…，you。 24. "名词+and"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。 A word, and he would lose his temper 25. "as…,so…"结构， 这里的"so"的意思是"in the same way"(也是如此)。 此结构表明两个概念 在程度上和关系上相似。 As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart. 26. "if any"结构，"if any"和"if ever"，意思是"果真有……"，"即使有……"，表示加强语 气。与此类似的还有："if anything"(如有不同的话，如果稍有区别)，"if a day"(=at least，至 少)。 There is little, if any, hope. 27. "be it ever(never)so"和"let it be ever(never)so"结构，这里，"be it"中的"be"是古英语假 设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用"let it be"。"ever so"和"never so"都表示同一意思，都表 示"very"。 Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home. 28. "the last+不定式"和"the last +定语从词"结构，这种结构中的"last"意思是"the least likely"，用于否定性推论。可译为"最不大可能的"，"最不合适的"，由原意的"最后一个……" 变成"最不可能……的一个"。 He is the last man to accept a bride.
29. "so…tha

t…"句型，这个句型的意思是"如此……，以致于……"，但在翻译成汉语时， 许多情况下，并不是一定要译成"如此……以致于……"，而是变通表达其含义。 He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up. 30. "more + than+原级形容词(副词)"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的"more"有 "rather"的意思。 It is more than probable that he will fall. 31. "more than +动词"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为"异常"，"岂止"，"十二 分地"等。 This more than satisfied me. 32. "good and …"的副词用法， 译为"非常"， "很"等。 类似还有"nice and …", "fine and …," "lovely and …", "bright and …", "rare and …", "big and …"等，均表示程度。 The apples are good and ripe. 33. "and that"结构，这个"and that"应译为"而且……"，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加 强，"that"代表前面的整个陈述部分。 Return to your work , and that at once. 34. "at once…and"结构，这个结构译为"既……又……"，起相关连接的作用，相当于 "both…and…"。 The novel is at once pleasing and instructive. 35. "in that…"结构，这个结构的意思是"在那一点上(方面)"，可译为"因为"。类似的结 构还有"in this…"。 The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs. 36. "the name notwithstanding"结构，这个结构中"notwithstanding"是介词，这个介词可以 置前，可以置后，比如也可写成："notwithstanding the name"。起让步状语的作用。 Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored. But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding. 37. "Every…not" 和 "All…not" 结 构 ， "Every…not" 表 示 " 不 见 得 每 个 …… 都 是……";"All…not"表示"不见得所有……都是……"的意思。 Every man is not polite, and all are not born gentlemen. 38. "may as well not…as"结构，此结构可译为"与其……不如不……"。 One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly. 39. "have only to …do"结构，此结构表示"只须(消)……就能……"的意思。 We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it. 40. "not (no) …unless…"句型 No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed. 41. "better…than…"句型 Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love. 42. "as it were"是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是"好象"，"可以说"等。 Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment. 43. 复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于 anyone 的定语从句过长，把谓语 must realize 提到 定语从句之前。 Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not
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