初中三大从句.doc

初中英语三大从句
英语定语从句
一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
  关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；
  关系副词有where, when, why等。
  关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
 (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
 (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
    注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
 (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
 (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
 (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
 (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
 (5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
 (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
     关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
 (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
 (3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
 (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
 (5) We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
 (6) We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
 (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
 (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
 (2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
 (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
 (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
 (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of  which have gone bad.
 (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
解答"介词+关系代词 "类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词 to 构成固定短语"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）"。所以，D是正确选项。

四．关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
 (2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
 (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
 (2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
    注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
 (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
 (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. 
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：
  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

  限制性定语从句举例：
 (1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
 (2) China is a country which has a long history.
 非限制性定语从句举例：
 (1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意区分以下几个句子的不同
 (1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
 (2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
   他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
难点分析
    （一）限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
 1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时
 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
 (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
 (3) All that can be done has been done.
 (4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
 (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing.
2.  当先行词被序数词修饰
 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3.  当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
 (1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4.  当形容词被the very, the only修饰时
 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
 (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
 (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5  当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
 (1) Who is the man that is standing there?
 (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6.  当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
 （二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
 (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
 (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
 (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe.
 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
 (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as
 (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
 (2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
 (3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同
 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.     
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
（三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
 (1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
 (1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't )
(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London.     定语从句
 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear.     同位于从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
 (1) The news he told me is true.
 (2) The news that he has just died is true.
 (3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.     定语
 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
 (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.    
 2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
 (3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语
 (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

英语状语从句
【考点直击】
1. 时间状语从句
2. 条件状语从句
3. 原因状语从句
4. 结果状语从句
5. 比较状语从句
6. 目的状语从句
7. 让步状语从句
8. 地点状语从句
【名师点睛】
用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句， 原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。
1. 时间状语从句
(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：
It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.
While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.
As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.
He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.
After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.
(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.
I will tell him everything when he comes back.
He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.
(3)在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到……时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到……才……”, “在……以前不……”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：
The young man read till the light went out.
Let’s wait until the rain stops.
We won’t start until Bob comes.
Don’t get off until the bus stops.
2. 条件状语从句
(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：
What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?
Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.
(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
I’ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow.
He won’t be late unless he is ill.
(3)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
Study hard and you will pass the exam.
=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
3. 原因状语从句
(1)原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：
He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.
Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.
(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：
------Why aren’t going there?
------Because I don’t want to.
As he has no car, he can’t get there easily.
Since we have no money, we can’t buy it.
(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。
4. 结果状语从句
(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引导。例如：
He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.
She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.
My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.
(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：
在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：
He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.
The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.
Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.
在由such…that引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：
It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.
He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.
He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.
有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：
It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.
=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.
It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.
=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.
(3)如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时，只能用so, 不用such。例如：
Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.
He has so little time that he can’t go to the cinema with you.
5. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级 + than…等连词引导。例如：
Tom runs faster than John does.
This classroom is as big as that one.
6. 目的状语从句
(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：
We started early so that we could catch the first train.
He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.
We used the computer in order that we might save time.
(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：
Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)
Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)
7. 让步状语从句
(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。例如：
Though he is young, he knows a lot.
Although I am tired, I must go on working.
(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如
我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.
应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.
8. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：
Go where you like.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
【实例解析】
1. (2004年北京市海淀区中考试题)
You will stay healthy _______ you do more exercise, such as running and walking.
A. if B. how C. before D. where
2. (2004年江西省中考试题)
---Shall we go on working?
---Yes, _________ I prefer to have a rest.
A. when B. if C. because D. though
3. (2004年徐州市中考试题)
None of us knew what had happened _________ they told us about it.
A. when B. until C. after D. though
4. (2004年泉州市中考试题)
---I hope you’ll enjoy your trip, dear!
---Thank you, mum. I’ll give you a call _________ I get there.
A. until B. as soon as C. since D. till
【中考演练】
一. 单项填空
1. _______ he’s old, he can still carry this heavy bag.
A. Though B. Since C. For D. So
2. ---Do you know if he _______ to play basket ball with us?
---I think he will come if he ______ free tomorrow.
A. comes; is B. comes; will be C. will come; is D. will come; will be
3. In the zoo if a child ____ into the water and can’t swim, the dolphins may come up ______ him.
A. will fall; to help B. falls; to help
C. will fall; help D. falls; helping
4. I don’t remember ________ he worked in that city when he was young.
A. what B. which C. where D. who
5. We will stay at home if my aunt ________ to visit us tomorrow.
A. comes B. come C. will come D. is coming
6. The police asked the children _______ cross the street ________ the traffic lights turned green.
A. not; before B. don’t; when C. not to; until D. not; after
7. I was late for class yesterday _______ there was something wrong with my bike.
A. when B. that C. until D. because
8. I’ll go swimming with you if I ________ free tomorrow.
A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was
9. In the exam, the ________ you are, ______ the _______ mistakes you will make.
A. careful; little B. more careful; fewest
C. more careful; fewer D. more careful; less
10. You should finish your lessons _______ you go out to paly.
A. before B. after C. when D. while
11. I hurried _____ I wouldn’t be late for class.
A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless
12. When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _______ you have any questions.
A. which B. that C. where D. though
13. The teacher raised his voice _______ all the students could hear him.
A. for B. so that C. because D. in order
14. He took off his coat _______ he felt hot.
A. because B. as C. if D. since
15. It is ______ that we’d like to go out for a walk.
A. a lovely day B. too lovely a day
C. so lovely a day D. such lovely a day
16. Mary had ______ much work to do that she stayed at her office all day.
A. such B. so C. too D. very
17. _______ I felt very tired, I tried to finish the work.
A. Although B. Because C. As D. As if
18. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.
A. With B. Since C. While D. As
19. ______ well you can drive, you must drive carefully.
A. So long as B. In order that
C. No matter how D. The moment
20. Write t