动词时态和语态复习教案.doc

动词的时态与语态
目标：1、掌握八种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，过去将来时。
2、分清易混淆的几组动词时态：一般过去时和现在完成时；一般过去时和过去完成时；过去完成时和现在完成时
3、掌握各种时态及情态动词的被动语态。
4、熟悉并掌握主动形式表示被动意义的几种情况。
一、动词的时态
1、一般现在时的用法
1）表示经常性、习惯性的动作；表示现在的状态、特征和真理等。句中常有often，usually, every day, always, sometimes等时间状语。如：We always care for each other and help each other. (经常性动作)
The moon moves around the earth and the earth moves around the sun. （客观真理）
2）有时表示按计划、规定将要发生的动作（即用一般现在时表将来），句中都带有时间状语，但常限于少数瞬间动词，如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等，如：
The train starts at nine in the morning. Our holiday begin in a week.
3）在when，as soon as，if, unless等引导的时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中不能用将来时，要用一般现在时表将来。
I’ll give him the message when I see him.
I’ll write to your parents if you are not here tomorrow.
Even if it rains tomorrow, the sports meet will take place.
[注] 如果will作为情态动词表意愿，此时不影响时态使用。
If you will not help us, we will not finish the work in time.
4）用于某些固定句型，表现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
Here comes the bus! What time is it now?
2、一般过去时的用法(第一大热点)
1） 表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：yesterday, just now, last, ago等。
Once upon a time, there were six blind men in a village in Indian.
I saw him every day at that time. 那时侯每天我都会见到他。
Mary always got up too late and never had enough time for breakfast.
[注] 表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用used to和would +动词原形。
When we were boys, we used to go swimming every summer.
但是，would与used to都不能用来表示动作发生的具体频度或具体的一段时间。如：
I would / used to go to France six times. (错)（应说I went to France six times.）
He used to live in Africa for twenty years. (错)（应说He lived in Africa for twenty years.）
2）表示说话人始料未及的事情时
I didn’t know it was you. I never thought you would bring me a gift.
3）一般过去时常用于没有明确过去时间状语的句子中，这是高考命题的热点与难点。此类用法由于受汉语表达习惯的影响，或因这类表书无明显时间状语的缘故，学生容易忘记使用过去时。 一定要注意好分析语境。
---You phone number again? --- I didn’t quite catch it.
---Nancy is not coming tonight. ---But she promised.
对无明显过去时间状语而用一般过去时的句子，要注意在语言环境中寻找除时间状况外的信息词或隐含信息，比如表示时间对比关系的but, and now，暗示时间先后的when, before, while, not until, sooner，题干中已出现的过去时态等。
I asked you not to move my dictionary, now I can’t find it.
My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I missed half of it.
3、一般将来时的用法
表示将要发生的动作或存在的情况，由“主语+will / shall+…”构成。有时句中有表示将来的时间状语，这时从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况。将来的时间状语有：next year, tomorrow, next time, in a few days.
The agreement will come into effect next spring.
When will you be able to give us an answer?
We won’t / shan’t be free tonight.
几种表示将来的形式：
1） 口语中常用be going to来表示打算、准备要做的事情或根据迹象推断肯定要发生的事（主要指天气）
They are going to see a film this afternoon. There is going to be a party on Saturday evening.
It’s going to snow.
2） be to do 表示拟订或计划中将发生的行为或按职责义务必须去做的事情。
The meeting is to be held at 9:00 a.m..
You are to hand in your homework this afternoon.
3） be about to即将要发生的事，句中不使用表示将来的时间状语（但可与when…连用），意为“立刻，马上”
The film is about to begin.
I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
4） 用一般现在时或现在进行时表示安排或计划好的将来的行为，只限go, come, start, begin, arrive, return等少数动词。
The train leaves the station at 7:15.
Mr Wang is leaving for Hangzhou tomorrow.
4、现在进行时的用法
1）表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作，由be+现在分词
We are having an English class.
The population of the earth is increasing very fast.
2）在时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时。
If I am sleeping when he comes, please wake me up.
3）与always, constantly, forever等连用，表示赞叹、厌烦、高兴等情绪。
You are always forgetting the important things.
He is constantly thinking of how he could do more for others.
5、过去进行时的用法
表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作，was / were doing
The children were watching TV when their mother came in.
In those years we were having a hard time.
[注]在不少情况下，没有表示过去的时间状语，这是要通过上下文来看出这是过去某时正在进行的动作。
They all worked hard. Everybody knew what he was working for.
6、现在完成时的用法
have +过去分词，时间状语有already, yet, not…yet, just, for, since
1) 表示的动作在说话前已经完成但对现在有影响。
I have seen the film many times.
The city has taken on a new look in the last few years.
2) 表示动作开始于过去，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去，常与for或since等表示一段时间的状语连用或与so far，now，today，this week等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。
He has studied English for 5 years.
Now I have finished the work.
3) 用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时已完成的动作（代替将来完成时）
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped raining in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
7、过去完成时的用法 had +过去分词
1）表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态（即“过去的过去”）。句中常有by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before in entered the university.
2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态。常与for, since连用
I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
The old man died after he had been ill for a long time.
3）叙述过去发生的事情，在叙述了一段事情后，又叙述了发生在这些事情前的动作。
Lao Li died yesterday. He had been a friend of mine.
4） 在固定句型中Hardly…when…; Scarcely…when…; No sooner…than…
Hardly had he began to speak when someone interrupted him.
No sooner had he shut his eyes than he got a hard push in his side.
8、过去将来时的用法
should / would + do构成，有时也用was / were going to do表示。第一人称用should，其它人称用would。表示从过去的某时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
They were sure that they would succeed.
l 现在完成时与一般过去时区别
1）都表示过去做的动作，现在完成时强调动作对现在的关系如结果、影响等，所以不能与过去时间状语连用，一般过去时只能表示过去的事实，不表示与现在的关系，所以与过去的时间状语连用。
Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. （对现在的影响就是我已经知道电影的内容了）
When did you see the film? I saw it yesterday. （与现在没有关系，只表示什么时间看的
He has taught the class for two terms. （表明现在还在教，或者刚刚不教）=He is still teaching or he has just stopped teaching it.
2) 当瞬间动词的肯定式为完成时，不能与表一般的时间状语连用。
He has left home for a month. （错）
应用：He left home a month ago. It has been a month since he left home.
He has been away from home for a month.
A month has passed since he left home.
3) 当瞬间动词的否定式为完成时，可以与表一段的时间状语连用，因为此时的否定式表达一种状态而不是动作。
He hasn’t left home for a month. I haven’t seen her for a few days.
[注]have been to 表已经去过某处，现在回来了 have gone to表去了某处，还没回来。
二、动词的语态
1、当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，谓语的形式叫主动语态。当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语的形式叫被动语态。被动语态通常由be+过去分词构成，时态通过be 表现出来。
1）一般现在时 am / is / are done 2）一般过去时 was / were done
3) 一般将来时 shall / will be done 4）过去将来时 would be done
5）现在进行时 am / is / are being done 6）过去进行时 was / were being done
7）现在完成时 has / have been done 8）过去完成时 had been done
9）情态动词 can / must / may be done
那个国家讲英语。English is spoken in that country.
这个城市在1948年被解放。The city was liberated in 1948.
据说她的问题将在明天的会议上被讨论。
It’s said that her problem will be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting.
这些教材现在正在被印刷。The textbooks are being printed at present.
自从她离开后，就再也没有听到她的消息。She hasn’t been heard from since she left.
能在两小时完成它吗？Can it be finished in two hours?
2、主动形式表示被动意义
1）系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep +形容词构成系表结构。
The steel feels cold. His plans proved to be practical.
2）表示主语的属性特征的动词。如read, write, sell, wash, wear, open, lock, shut, dry这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语如well, easily, smoothly等。如：
The door won’t lock. The book sells well. Your pen writes smoothly.
3、下列情况下主动句不能改为被动句：
1）谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, benefit, lack等。
2）谓语是不可拆开的短语动词take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of等。
3）宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、不定式、动名词、抽象名词等。
4、汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：
It is said / hoped / believed / well known that…
It must be admitted / pointed our that…
l 关于语态变化的几种形式：
1） 只带一个宾语，把此宾语变为主语，原主语变成宾语
The first World War stopped his work. ---His work was stopped by the first World War.
[注] 宾语是一个从句，借用形式主语
I could see that he was dying. ---It could be seen that he was dying.
2） 带双宾语，把其中一个边，另一个不变
The hospital gave him a job.
---He was given a job by the hospital. ---A job was given to him by the hospital.
3） 带复合宾语，宾+宾补，只能把宾语变成主语，宾补变成主补
He asked me to step in and have a rest. ---I was asked to step in and have a rest (by him).
We saw a lot of students reviewing their lessons.---A lot of students were seen reviewing their lessons.
[注] 所有的不定式作宾补，变成被动一定要含to，包括感官动词和实义动词
I saw him across the street. --- He was seen to across the street.
无论宾补是什么都要遵循以上原则。
The teacher considers him honest. (形容词作宾补)---He is considered honest by the teacher.
We made him our group leader. (名词作宾补)---He was made our group leader.
I found nobody in. (副词作宾补)---Nobody was found in.
4） 短语动词变成被动语态，要保持其完整性
He often refers to this book.---This book is often referred to.
The PLA man picked him up.---He was picked up by the PLA man.
5） 含有情态动词的动词变成被动，要情态动词+be done
You should not treat sports and games as amusement.
---Sports and games shouldn’t be treated only as amusement.
We had better not put off the meeting. --- The meeting had better not be put off.
l 被动语态与系表结构区别
被动语态表动作，系表结构表状态
The school gate is shut by an old man at 6 p.m. every day. (表被动)
The school gate is shut now. （表状态）
动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点，而且测试的难度有逐年加大的趋势。在15个单项选择中，考查动词时态的题一般不少于两道，动词的时态常和语态结合在一起进行考查。高考命题常从以下三个角度进行命题：一是直接给定时间状语，考生可直接根据所给时间状语作出选择；而是给定时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性和迷惑性，考生不能直接根据时间状语进行选择；三是题干中不提供任何时间状语，而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子，考生必须仔细分析语境，才能作出判断并选择最佳答案。
答题时，研读题干，搜索出尽可能多的“时间参考信息”，尤其是动词冗长信息中的时间信息。如haven’t said, was doing 等，这些表达中都含有时间信息，发现和有效利用这些信息是解决问题的关键。
解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路：
1、 这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？
2、 这个动作处于什么时态，是进行中，还是已经结束（完成）？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？
3、 这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？
只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题的答案，试题的正确答案也就水落石出了。