2021年湖北联考博士研究生英语入学考试模拟题2笔记.docx

Practice Examination 2

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 %)

Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage：

The National Trust in Britain，together with similar voluntary organization，plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of British countryside. Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the government，it is not a rich government，supported by public taxes. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoild countryside and the ancient sites to preserve them for the permanent enjoyment of the public. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. It has 160,000 members in England，Wales and Northern Ireland who pay a small subscription each year，and its primary duties are to protect for the nation places of great natural beauty and places of historical interest and preserve them from the dangers of modern development and extinction.

英国国民托管组织，和类似志愿者组织一起，在保护公众最爱慕未被破坏英国乡村中起着越来越重要作用。尽管这个组织受到政府实际和精神上支持，但不是一种资金充裕政府，没有公众纳税支撑。这是一种志愿者协会，是某些关怀未被破坏乡村和古物遗迹人们联合在一起，为大众保护这些东西。这是一种慈善团队，由公众成员自愿支撑其运转。这个组织在英国有160,000位成员，威尔士和白爱尔兰每年捐款很少，她们重要责任是保护国家自然景观和名胜古迹，保护她们不被当代开发破坏，保护她们使她们免于消逝。

Wales [weilz] n. 威尔士（英国大不列颠岛西南部地区）
Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰自治区（在爱尔兰东北部）
place of historical interest 名胜古迹

The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles of Britain by the late Lord Lothian，who in 1935 said that，as a result of taxation and estate duty，most of these ancient houses were under sentence of death. When he died he left his great seventh century house and all its contents to the Trust together with 4,500-acre park and estate surrounding it. This gift attracted wide publicity，and it started the Trust's“Country House Scheme”. Under the scheme，with the cooperation of the government and thanks to the generosity of the general public，the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fifty of these old houses，together with often very valuable contents. Whenever possible，the Trust seeks to maintain continuity and to preserve these as living realities rather than as dead museums. It is the view of the Trust that the families who give them to the nation and whose ancestors created them make the best possible curators.

公众头一次开始注意到大使洛锡安勋爵Lord Lothian1935年所说话，她说课税和遗产税威胁到英国古房屋建筑，这些古建筑濒临灭绝。她去世时候，把她宏伟7世纪房子及里头所有陈设，尚有周边4500英亩院子都留给了国民托管管组织。这一馈赠，吸引了大量公共宣传，促使该组织发起了“乡村住宅筹划”。按这个筹划，与政府合伙，得益于大众慷慨解囊，该组织能保护并且可以容许公众参观这些150年前房子了，这些房子里大都尚有贵重陈设。只要也许，该组织尽量保存这些建筑持续性，把它们作为真实生活场合来保存，而不是死气沉沉博物馆。国民托管组织以为，那些把古建筑赠送给国家人，以及这些房子建造者后人们，是管理这些古建筑最佳人选。

taxation [tæk'seiʃən] n. 课税，征税；税款
estate duty 遗产税
Lord Lothian 大使洛锡安勋爵
publicity [pʌb'lisiti] n. 宣传，宣扬；公开；广告；注意
generosity [,dʒenə'rɔsəti] n. 慷慨，大方；宽宏大量
general public 公众
whenever possible 只要也许
continuity [,kɔnti'nju:iti] n. 持续性；一连串；分镜头剧本

castle ['kɑ:sl] n. 城堡；车(象棋) vt. 置于城堡中；筑城堡防御curator [kjuə'reitə] n. 馆长；监护人；管理者

In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills，gardens，Roman antiquities，farms and small villages，as well as complete villages. In these villages no one is allowed to build，develop or disturb the old village environment and all houses maintain their original sixteenth-century style. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace，beauty and wildlife.

出了乡村住宅和露天场地以外，信托组织当前尚有了某些风力和水力磨粉机、花园、罗马古董、农场、小村子，完整村庄也有。这些村庄里，不准再建房屋，以免变化或影响了村庄环境，让所有建筑保持它们16世纪风格。公众都可以免费进入那些场合，但她们必要尊重那里宁静、美和野生动植物。

in addition to 除之外
open spaces 空地；露天场合
water mill 水磨，水力磨粉机

1. The National Trust is B .
A. a government department [F]
B. a charity [T]
C. a group of areas of great natural beauty [F]
D. one organization of great natural beauty [F]

National Trust n. 国民托管组织（英国保护名胜古迹私人组织）

2. Lord Lothian said most of the ancient houses were D .
A. to be protected by the government [F]
B. decaying through lack of money for their repair [F]
C. kept in good condition for the time being [F]
D. doomed to decay without good preservation [T]

3. Who takes up the responsible managerial work of the old house? B
A. The directors of the local branches of the Trust [F]
B. The ex-owners of the structure. [T]
C. The members of the organization appointed for the post. [F]
D. The men who enjoy the prestige in the local places. [F]

prestige ['prestidʒ] n. 威望，声望；名誉

4. Which of the following may be not allow to be done by a visitor? B
A. Taking pictures of the scenes. [T]
B. Picking flowers in the gardens. [F]
C. Having a complete view of the area. [T]
D‏. Singing quietly while visiting [T]

这篇文章较为简要，各个提问也很清晰。生词不多。可以依照词根推测一种大概。

Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage：

Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every five Americans at work was employed，i. e.，worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being employeed” meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand，the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education，holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed，two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years：middle-class and upper-class employees have been the fastest-growing groups in our working population-growing so fast that the industrial worker，that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution，has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

咱们社会已成一种雇员社会。约1前，在美国，五个有工作人中只有一种是受雇，为她人打工。而今，每五个有工作人中只有一种是不受雇，为自己干活。50年前，“受雇”意味着做工厂工人或者农场帮手，而当前受雇人，已经越来越多是中产阶级人士，她们接受了良好教诲，从事是需要知识和技术专业性或管理性工作。事实上，美国近来50年有两个明显特性：在咱们劳动人口增长中，中产阶级和上层阶级雇员增长是最快，她们增长如此之快，虽然工业生产也在扩张，但仍旧使产业工人——工业革命最大孩子，在数量上已经不占多大比例了。

farmhand ['fɑ:mhænd] n. [农经] 农场工人 industrial worker 产业工人 industrial production [工经] 工业生产

Yet you will find little of anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can find a great deal of work in a chosen field，whether it is the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping. Everyone of these trades requires different skills，set different standards，and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly，especially in the large business or in government，employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly people fail more because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade；the higher you climb the ladder，the more you get into administrative or executive work，the greater the emphasis is on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical ability or professional knowledge.

你也许找不到任何写什么是雇员文字资料。但你可以找到诸多教人们如何找工作、如何升迁叫人半信半疑资料。在求职市场，你可以找到大量工作，从事机械贸易或者当账房先生。各个行业需要不同技能，有不同原则，需要不同准备。但是她们所需要雇员素质相似。特别是在大型公司或者政府部门，对个人成功而言，雇员素质越来越比专业知识和技能更重要。固然，失败人，更多是由于她们不懂得作为雇员必要条件，而不是由于她们从业所需知识和技能不够。你爬得越高，你就越多从事行政或管理工作，与组织协同工作能力就越发显得比专业知识技能更重要。

bookkeeping ['buk,ki:piŋ] n. 记帐，簿记
in common 共同；共有
employeeship 员工素质
administrative [əd'ministrətiv] adj. 管理，行政

dubious ['dju:bjəs] adj. 可疑；暧昧；无把握；半信半疑
hip [hip] n. 臀部；蔷薇果；忧郁 adj. 熟悉内情；非常潮流
executive [iɡ'zekjutiv] adj. 行政；经营；执行，经营管理n. 经理；执行委员会；执行者；经理主管人员

5. It is implied that fifty years ago D .
A. eighty percent of American working people were employed in factories [F]
B. twenty percent of American intellectuals were employees [F]
C. the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers [F]
D. the percentage of intellectuals working as employee was not so large as that of industrial workers [F]
50年前受雇重要是当工人，没多少知识分子。50年前知识分子最为雇员比例没有产业工人作为雇员比例大。

6. According to the passage，with the development of modern industry， D .
A. factory laborers will overtake intellectlectual employees in number [F] 劳工变少了，白领变多了
B. there are as many middle-class employees as factory laborers [F] 中产阶级雇员增多了，没说和过去劳工相等了
C. employers have attached great importance to factory laborers [F] 没提这事，但劳工处在下滑地位，不也许得到更注重
D. the proportion of factory laborers in the total employee population has decreased [T] 劳工人数比例下降了

7. According to the writer，professional knowledge or skill is A .
A. less important than awareness of being a good employee [T] 作者的确这样说，说很明确
B. as important as the ability to deal with public relations [F]
C. more important than employer-employee relations [F] 没提这个关系
D. as important as the ability to cooperate with others in the organization [F]

8. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one A .
A. to be more successful in his career [T]
B. to solve technical problems [F]
C. to be more specialized in his field [F]
D. to develop his professional skill [F]

specialize in专门研究；专攻；专门经营

Questions 9 to 12 are based on the following passage：

During the second half of the nineteenth century，in the United States both the stimulus to produce landscape art and the subject of landscape altered appreciably as the pressure of events surrounding the Civil War witnessed the emergence of a new national consciousness. It was a time when certain fundamental religious beliefs were assaulted by new scientific theory and when new critical writing，particularly those of John Ruskin，exercised an important influence on art. The landscape painting from the Ganz collection provides an opportunity to examine the shifts in taste and the pluralities of style that characterized American landscape painting，especially in the latter part of the century.

19世纪下半页，在美国，与美国内战南北战争有关种种事件，产生了逼人形势，使人们亲眼目睹了新民族意识浮现，风景画创作和风景画主题均有明显变化。这个时期，新科学理论抨击人们基本宗教信奉，批判性著作，特别是像作家约翰·罗金斯作品，对艺术创作有重大影响。从甘茨Ganz收集风景画藏品，人们可以鉴别出美国风景画风格和情趣转变，以及成为美国风景画特色流行风格，特别是对19世界下半页。

The Civil War 南北战争（美国内战）
national consciousness 民族意识；国族意识
appreciably [ə'pri:ʃəbli] adv. 明显地；相本地；可察觉地
produce landscape art 创作风景画
fundamental religious beliefs 基本宗教信奉
critical writing 批判性写作
John Ruskin (英国作家)约翰·罗斯金
landscape painting 风景画，山水画

pressure of events 逼人形势(指局势骤变，规定人从速抉择) landscape art 风景画
assault [ə'sɔ:lt] n. 袭击；袭击 vt. 袭击；袭击；抨击 vi. 袭击；动武

In the early years of the nineteenth century American landscape painting was closely associated with the republican ideals of the new nation and took on significance in the popular imagination as a form of national propaganda. Landscape painting was conceived of as a vehicle for the presentation of the new republic's unique historical and moral position in world history. This position was supported by Thomas Cole，the dean of the Hudson River School，and was based on a religious interpretation of wilderness themes. While the American concern for the founding of a school of historical landscape was most assertive in the first half of the century and was confirmed in such grandly ambitious paintings as Cafe's famous instructive moral one portraying the COURSE OF EMPIRE，the interest in creating a national art based on American nature continued to influence the formal evolution of landscape painting.

19世纪初，美国风景画艺术与崭新国家共和抱负紧密有关，对把风景画作为国家宣传资料来说具备重大意义。风景画被看作一种载体，体现了崭新共和国在世界历史上独特历史地位与道德地位。哈德逊河学院院长托马斯Thomas Cole支持这种地位，建立在对荒野主题宗教解释之上。19世纪上半页，美国对开办一所历史风景学院是很期待，像卡菲Café知名画，具备道德教诲意义，对“帝国之路“恢弘描绘，是很受美国关注。人们对创立基于美国特性民族艺术兴趣继续影响着风景画形式上变革。

republican ideals 共和党抱负，共和抱负
national propaganda 国家宣传
presentation [,prezən'teiʃən] n. 描述，陈述；简介；赠送
conceive of 设想；想象 national art民族艺术
Thomas Cole 托马斯 American nature美国特性
Hudson river哈德逊河（位于纽约州东部）
wilderness ['wildənis] n.大量，茫茫一片；荒野；荒原
assertive [ə'sə:tiv] adj. 必定；独断；坚定而自信
found [faund] v. 找到（find过去分词）vt. 创立，建立；开办
the founding of a school 一所学校开办
concern for 关怀
portray [pɔ:'trei] vt. 描绘；扮演
formal adj. 正式；形式上

republican [ri'pʌblikən] adj. 共和国；共和政体；共和主义；拥护共和政体 n. 共和主义者；共和党

9. With what topic is the passage primarily concrned? D
A. The moral position of the Unite States in world history [F] 不是
B. John Ruskin's influence on the nineteenth-century art. [F] 只但是是一种例子而已，不是主旨
C. A religious interpretation of wilderness themes. [F]
D. The evolution of landscape painting in the United States. [T]

10. What phenomenon does the author mention as occurring at the time of the Civil War D
A. The revival of fundamental religious beliefs.
B. An increased interest in nation geography(地理). [F]
C. A period of depression on the arts and sciences. [F]
D. The emergence of a new national consciousness. [T]

11. According to the author，why is the Ganz collection significant? A
A. It reflects changes in American landscape painting. [T]
B. It includes many critical writings of the era. [F]
C. It appeals to the popular imagination of republicans. [F]
D. It documents the painting of the Hudson River School. [F]

12. According to the author，landscape painting early in the nineteenth century was used to C .
A. finance a school of historical landscape painting [F]
B. further the ambitions of young politicians [F]
C. represent and reaffirm a new nation [T]
D. realistically portray the physical beauty(人体美) [F]

Questions 13 to 16 are based on the following passage：

The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photography's fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century，the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless，mechanical copying of reality，photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing，a revolt against commonplace vision，and no less worthy an art than painting.

照相与艺术之间关系争论最早是环绕如下问题展开：照相与否真实再现事物外观，照相是一种精细艺术还是一种实用艺术取决于所使用相机。整个19世纪，为照相辩护人强调：照相是可以与艺术相媲美。反对者以为，照相没有灵魂，只是机械地复制现实场景。照相家以为：照相是一种看方式特权，是对毫无创立想象一种反叛，称得上是与绘画不相上下艺术形式。

controversy ['kɔntrə,və:si] n. 争论；论战；辩论
photography [fə'tɔɡrəfi] n. 照相；照相术
center on 集中在；觉得中心
fidelity [fi'deliti] n. 保真度；忠诚；精准；尽责
be identical with… 与…相似，与…一致
struggle to 竞争
revolt against 反感…；厌恶…；对…反叛
no less依然；不相上下；仍旧

soulless ['səullis] adj. 没有灵魂；没有精神；卑鄙；无情
commonplace ['kɔmənpleis] adj. 平凡；陈腐 n. 老生常谈；司空见惯事；普通东西；毫无创见
vision ['viʒən] vt. 想象；显现；梦见 n. 视力；美景；眼力；幻象；想象力

Ironically，now that photography is securely established as a fine art，many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding，recording，impartially observing， witnessing events，exploring themselves——anything but making works of art. In the