现在完成时和过去完成时的区别.doc

现在完成时和过去完成时的区别
一、从结构上区别
现在完成时：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 （肯定式）
主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 （否定式）
Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式）
过去完成时：主语 + had + 过去分词 （肯定式）
主语 +had + not + 过去分词 （否定式）
Had + 主语 + 过去分词 （疑问式）
(二)从时间状语区别
现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet, just, recently…etc”。
过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “by, at, before等构成的短语”。
注意：当表示一段时间，现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语。
例如：Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃午饭了吗？
Yes, I have . I’ve just had it. 是的，我刚吃完。
I have had a clock now. 我现在有一个闹钟了。
Have you already posted the photos? 你把照片寄走了吗？
The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时，会议已经开始了。
We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term.
到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词。
They had done the work at five o’clock. 在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李蕾已经三年了。
I have worked here since ten years ago. 自从十年前我就在这工作。
We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信。
They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours.这时他们已经有24个小时没有合眼了。
(三)使用时注意事项
使用现在完成时应该注意：
1.“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时，但和have/ has 为同一意义，即 “有”。
例如：Have you got a pen-friend? 你有笔友吗？
Yes, I have. 是的，我有。
Has he got a lot of work to do? 他有许多工作要做吗？
No, he hasn’t. 不，他没有。
2. have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的区别
have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”； have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”。 have/ has
been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用； have/ has gone to则不可。例如：
— Have Jack ever been to Beijing? 杰克去过北京吗？
— Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的，他去过好几次了。
— Where have Mary and Tom gone? 玛丽和汤姆去哪里了？
— They’ve gone to London. 他们去伦敦了。
3.非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。
这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够
用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。例如：
arrive, come → be here, be in
begin, start → be on
buy → have
die → be dead

fall asleep(ill) → be asleep (ill)
finish, end → be over
get to know → know
get up → be up
go out → be out
join → be in , be a + 名词
leave, move → be away, be out of
使用过去完成时应该注意：
如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时。例如：
When she came into the room, she found them sitting together singing.
她进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌
After we said good-bye to our friends, we left the village.
在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子。
总结：
现在完成时着眼于现在，强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果，或是由过去持续到现在的动作。
I have cleaned the classroom .（强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了！）
We have lived here for ten years.（“住”从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时）
We have lived here since we came here.（“住”是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时）
过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别，表达的是“过去的过去”，即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”，两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时，后发生的则只用一般过去时。运用过去完成时的句子往往有两过去的时间或动作，一定要注意这点哟！
Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China.("来”中国已过去，而先前“住”在纽约更过去！）（另外注意：“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在哟！）
We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.
（“上期期末”已过去，而是在其前“学”的就更过去了！）
动词时态考点解读
一、对一般现在时的考查
1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词
always, every time,now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _____ the Pacific, and
we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
解析：虽然航海发生在过去，但是海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时
2.考查一般现在时的替代用法：在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before
等引导的时间状语从句，在以if,unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
— What would you do if it _____ tomorrow?
— We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
解析：if引导条件状语从句，在条件状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。
More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.
（2005年上海卷）
A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent
解析：last year表示过去，再者主语是复数形式
三、对现在进行时的考查
由上下文语境表示时间。
— What’s the terrible noise？
— The neighbours ____ for a party. （2004年北京卷）
A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare
解析：上下文语境告诉我们是讲现在正在发生的事。
四、对过去进行时的考查
1.把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。
—You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷）
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited
解析：该题是根据交际情景考查动词时态的用法。该题是强调在过去某一时间（你来我家时）正在进行的动作（在机场等人），用过去进行时。句意：“我顺路去你家时，你不在家。”“啊，（那个时候）我在机场等从英国来的朋友。”
2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。
—Has Sam finished his homework today?
—I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. （2004年全国卷）
A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done
解析：该题根据交际情景考查动词时态的用法。第一句问今天做完作业没有，问结果；他今天早晨（过去某段时间内）还在做（正在进行的动作）应当用过去进行时态。句意：“萨姆今天做完作业了吗？”“我不知道。他今天早晨还在做呢。”
3.考查过去进行时与一般过去时的比较。
Shirely____a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.（98）
A.has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing
解析：根据I don’t know whether she has finished it可判断去年她不可能写完这本书，因而去年应该一直在写。该题测试过去时间状语与过去进行时态在英语句式中的特殊用法。题中过去时间状语last year导致了考生的定势思维，不少考生因此而误选了选项B（一般过去时）。分析上下文语境可知，选项部分的谓语动词的动作并非在过去某一时间已经完成，而是指在过去某一时间正在进行，故应选过去进行时。注意：在这一句式结构中，只有延续性动词才可与过去时间状语用于过去进行时，强调在过去某一时间正在进行的动作。
五、对现在完成时的考查
1.现在完成时不仅表示动作在说话之前已经完成，而且强调动作对现在的影响或表示经验。
①He was hoping to go abroad but his parents ____ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.（2005年湖北卷）
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
解析：have decided现在完成时表示父母已经决定了。
②Millions of pounds’ worth of damage ___by a storm which swept across the north of
England last night. （2005年重庆卷）
A. has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused
解析：“storm”后的定语从句有明确的时间状语“last night”，故主语时态应确定为完成时，但D项为将来完成时，显然与语境不符。B项为过去完成时，但本句强调昨晚发生的风暴对现在的影响。
2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语
连用。
—The window is dirty.
— I know. It ________ for weeks. （2004年全国卷）
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
解析：该题是根据交际情景中考查动词时态与语态。关键词for weeks，考虑现在完成时，表示到目前为止的结果好几周不擦了；窗户与擦的关系是被动关系，故被动语态。句意；“窗户很脏了。”“我知道。好几周没有擦了。”
注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy,borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。如：I haven’t met him for two years.
3.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、
方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。
—Where _________ the recorder? I can’t see it anywhere.（98NMET）
— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone.
A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; put
解析：第一个空“放”这个动作强调对现在的影响，“我找不到”第二个空“放”指过去的一个动作
六、对现在完成进行时的考查
现在完成进行时是由“have / has been+现在分词”构成，表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。它与现在完成时的区别如下：
1.现在完成时强调的是完成的动作，而现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作，这个动作刚停止或 仍在继续。
I have written an article.（已完成）
I have been writing an article. （还在写）
2.有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。
I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.另外注意的是：
表短暂动作的动词（finish,marry, get up, come, go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。

Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided
yet.（2004年北京卷）
A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D is going to consider
解析：该题是在交际情境中考查动词时态的用法。根据句意应选完成进行时，表
示过去的动作（考虑返校学习）持续到现在（还没有决定）今后还有可能进行的
动作。句意：既然露西失业了，她一直在考虑返校读书，但她还没有定下来。
七、对过去完成时态的考查
过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，常用此时态。
— George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding? 2004年湖北卷）
A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
解析：没有被邀请发生在George and Lucy举行婚礼之前，即过去的过去。
常见考点有：
①把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。
When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷）
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
解析：考查动词时态。主句的动作在前，从句的动作在后，从句中谓语动词 started to walkback表示过去时间点，因此主句的动作应用过去完成时。
②把过去完成时放在by + 时间点或by the time + 从句的句子里考查。
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing. （2003年上海春）
A. would be completed B. was being completed
C.has been completed D.had been completed
解析：by the end of last year常与过去完成时连用，表示到过去某个时候前已经完成的动作。
动词时态易混点解读
一般过去时和现在完成时的比较
1）用两种时态来表述发生在过去的某一动作，现在完成时强调这一过去动作对现在产生的影响或结果，而一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态，和现在关系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room.It’s very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改为cleaned.一是因为cleaned与现状有关，二是因为一般过去时不可突然跳到It’s...这样的一般现在时。)
2）汉语中的“了”、“过”、“曾”等词常用完成表达，如：I have seen that film.（我看过那部电影了。）但是如果是在特定的过去时间“看了”、“做过”，就不可用完成时而必须用一般过去进来表达。例如：When did you see that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么时候看了那部电影？我昨天看的。)不能说：When have you seen that film?I have seen it yesterday.
1. We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
解析：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
2. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
解析： didn’t know 强调见面前原不知道.
3. I’m glad to tell you that we _____ the work in less time than we _____ expected to.
A. finished; were B. have finished; are
C. have finished; were D. had finished; were
解析：全句含义为 “我们现在已经比预期的(强调过去)提前完成任务( 强调现在).
4. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
. 解析：为被动语态的现在完成时, 强调that 从句的内容现在已被发现,为人所知.
5. When I was at college I _______ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
解析：注意when I was at college 是指过去的某一时间,动词应用一般过去时; I have forgotten 是指现在的情况.
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
1. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
解析：强调动作从过去到现在的延续，而非动作的结果
2. --- Have you had any letters from him?
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from C. had heard from D. hears
解析：不强调结果，A错；不是指目前一般的情况，D错；是指从过去延续到现在的情况．
现在进行时和过去进行时的比较
1.I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.
A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come
C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come
解析：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时.)
2.--- When shall we leave?
--- As soon as I ______ what I _______.
A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do
解析：as soon as 从句前省略了主句, 时间状语从句中动词强调将来的结果用现在完成时; what I am dong 指目前正在做的事.
3. At that time he _____ in the library.
A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work
解析： was working 指 at that time 正在发生的行为.
4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office.
A. were working; had left B. worked; left
C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave
解析：句中went 是说话人给定的时间, work 和leave发生的时间都要看它们与went 的时间关系, work 与went动作同时发生, 强调正在做,用过去进行时; leave 在went之前发生, 应用过去完成时.)

5. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.
A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.
解析： 对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.
一般过去时和过去进行时的比较
1.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.
A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished
C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish
解析：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。
2.Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed
C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed
解析：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
3. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell
解析：道理同上
4.The last time I _________ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking
解析：道理同上

1.We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
2. Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
4. It _____ that pleasant music keeps people from becoming tired at their work.
A. finds B. has found C. was found D. has been found
5. When I was at college I _ three foreign language but I ________ all except a few words of each.
A. spoke; had forgotten B. spoke; have forgotten
C. had spoken; had forgotten C. had spoken; have forgotten
6. --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “
--- I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
7. --- Have you had any letters from him?
--- No, I haven’t, but my wife _______ him regularly .
A. has heard from B. has been hearing from C. had heard from D. hears
8.I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.
A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come
C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come
9.--- When shall we leave?
--- As soon as I ______ what I _______.
A. will finish; do B. have finished, am doing C. finish, will do D. finish, do
10. At that time he _____ in the library.
A. worked B. had worked C. was working D. would work
11. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she____in the office.
A. were working; had left B. worked; left
C. had worked; left D. were working; would leave
12. --- Hey, look where you are going! --- Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _
A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.
13.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.
A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished
C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish
14.Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed
C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed
15. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny _________ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell was reading; was falling D. read; fell
16.The last time I ______ Jane she __________ cotton in the fields.
A. had seen; was picking B. saw; picked C. had seen; picked D. saw; was picking

难点31 难以捉摸的冠词
冠词是英语中的特有的词类。由于汉语中没有与之对应的词，学生对其用法感到难以掌握，所以高考英语在短文改错中对冠词的考查几乎年年都有。
●难点磁场
1.（★★★★） I’ll take this chance to wish you wonderful time on your birthday.
89. 2000春季高考)
2.（★★★★） Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
91. ________ (NMET2000)
3.（★★★★★） When I was a child, the rain was a mystery.
90. ________ (2001 春季高考)
4.（★★★★） We may be on family and live under a same roof.
82. ________ (NMET2001)
5.（★★★★★）As ever