八年级英语Chapter-Four-Never-a-dull-moment上海牛津版知识精讲.doc

初二英语Chapter Four: Never a dull moment上海牛津版

【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
Chapter Four: Never a dull moment

二. 具体过程：
（一）For there’s never a dull moment in the house we live in.因为在我家的房子里一刻都不无聊。
because, as, for, since这几个词都是表示“原因”的连词，语气由强至弱依次为：because→since→as→for;其中because, since, as均为从属连词，引导原因状语从句；而for 是并列连词，引导并列句。
1. because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的，其语气最强。常用来回答why的提问，一般放于主句之后，也可以单独存在。例如：
（1）I stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我呆在家里。
（2）Because Lingling was ill, she didn’t come to school. 玲玲因病没有上学。
（3） Why is she absent? 她为什 么缺席？ Because she is sick. 因为她病了。
此外，在强调句型中，只能用because。例如：
（4）It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school.
我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班汽车。
2. since侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由，常译为“因为”、“既然”，语气比because稍弱，通常置于句首，表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如：
（1）Since he asks you, you’ll tell him why. 他既然问你，那就告诉他为什么吧。
（2）Since everyone is here, let’s start. 既然大家都到齐了，我们就出发吧！
（3）Since I understood very little Japanese, I couldn’t follow the conversation.
我日语懂得不多，因而听不懂对话。
3. as是常用词，它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含义与since相同，但语气更弱，没有since正式，常译为“由于，鉴于”。从句说明原因，主句说明结果，主从并重。例如：
（1）We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她，因为她善良。
（2）As I had a cold, I was absent from school. 因为我感冒了，所以没去上课。
（3）As Xiao Wang was not ready, we went without him.
由于小王没有准备好，我们只好不带他去了。
4. for用作连词时，与because相似，但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待过的情况。for不表示直接原因，表明附加或推断的理由，因此for被看作等立连词，它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部（或单独成为一个句子），并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系不一定是因果关系，其间用逗号隔开，且for不可置于句首，for的这一用法常用在书面语中，较正式。例如：
（1）The days are short, for it is now December. 白天短了，因为现在已是十二月份。
（2）It must have rained, for the ground is wet. （从“地面潮湿”作出“下过雨”的推测，但地湿并不一定是下雨所致, for不可以换为because。）
（3）The ground is wet because it has rained. （“下雨”是“地上潮湿”的直接原因。）
前后两个分句间有一定的因果关系时（有时很难区分是直接原因，还是推测性原因），for与because可以互换使用。例如：
（4）I could not go for / because I was ill. 我没能去，是因为我病了。
（5）He felt no fear, for / because he was a brave boy. 他没有害怕，因为他是个勇敢的男孩

（二）alone, lone, lonely的用法区别
1、alone的用法
alone 用作形容词，通常只是表示客观上的一个人或没有外人，而不表示寂寞或孤独等感情色彩，并且在句中只用作表语。如：
He doesn’t feel lonely when he is alone. 他一个人时不感到寂寞。
I want to be alone with Mary 我想与玛丽单独在一起。
2、lone的用法
lone 表示“孤单的”、“单独的”、“无伴的”等，通常只用作定语，有时可与表示类似意义的 lonely 换用。如：
a lone house in the field 田野中的孤屋
a lone [lonely] traveller 无伴的旅行者
但是 lone 一般不表示“寂寞的”、“偏僻的”等义。
3、lonely的用法
lonely 表示“寂寞的”、“孤寂的”，带有较强感情色彩，相当于 sad because one lacks friends or companions，可用来说明人，也可用来说明 life, days, years 等; 可用作表语或定语。如：
He has been very lonely since his wife left him. 自他妻子离开他后，他一直感到很寂寞。
The story is about a lonely old man and his dog. 这个故事讲的是一个寂寞的老人和他的狗。
Hers is a lonely life. 她的生活很寂寞。
若不带感情色彩，只是表示“孤单的”、“没有伴侣”（without companions），则通常只用作定语。如：
a lonely traveller 孤单的旅客
He lives a lonely life in the tree farm. 他在林场里过着孤单的生活。
有时表示“荒凉的”、“偏僻的”，用来说明地方，此时多用作定语。如：
He was taken to a lonely island. 他被带到了一个荒岛上。
Antarctica is the loneliest place on earth. 南极是地球上最偏远的地区。

（三）first与at first的用法区别
1、从词性上看区别
first可用作形容词或副词，有时还可用作代词；而at first作为介词短语，只起副词作用（在句中用作状语）。如：
First class is the most expensive way to travel.
坐头等舱是最贵的旅行方式。（first为形容词，在句中用作定语）
This is the first time I have heard of such things.
这是我第一次听到这样的事。（first为形容词，在句中用作定语）
You needn’t read the whole book but you must read the first four chapters.
你们不必把整本书全读完，但必须读完前四章。（first为形容词，在句中用作定语）
I asked them to ring first in case we were out.
我请他们先打电话来，以防我们不在家。（first为副词，在句中用作状语）
She’s always the first to arrive and the last to leave. 她总是第一个来，最后一个离开。（first为代词，可视为其后省略了one, person等之类的词）
His second suggestion was not much better than his first.
他的第二个建议比第一个好不了多少。（first为代词，可视为其后省略了suggestion）
At first we used hand tools. Later we had machines.
开始我们用手工工具，后来我们有了机器。（at first在此用作状语）
2、从用法上看区别
1） first的用法
first 用来说明顺序，意为“先……”，暗示接下去还有其他动作或事件要发生，因此其后往往接有（或暗示有） then, next, last 等词。如：
Think first, then act. 先想清楚再行动。
I’ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。
First （you） boil some water. Then （you） warm the teapot. Then （you） add three teaspoons of tea. Next, （you） pour on boiling water... 你先烧些开水，然后把茶壶烫热，接着放三勺茶叶，随后冲入开水……
John came home from work. First he read the paper for a while, then he got up from the chair and turned on the radio. 约翰下班回家，先看一会儿报，然后从椅子上站起来，打开收音机。
2） at first 的用法
at first 的意思是“起初”“开始”，它主要用于强调前后对照，暗示接下去的动作与前面的动作不同甚至相反，因此常有 but, afterwards, soon, at last 等相呼应。如：
At first I didn’t want to go, but I soon changed my mind.
开始不想去，但我很快就改变了主意。
The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. 起初这活儿很累，不过后来我习惯了。
At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong.
起初他们生活得很幸福，但后来就开始出问题了。
At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke.
起初我没怎么注意，但逐渐产生了兴趣。
3、其他几点区别
1） at first 除以上用法外，其他场合一般不用它；而first除表示“先……（然后……）”外，还可表示“最先”“第一次”“首先”等。如：
Ladies first. 女士优先。
That’s mine—I saw it first. 那是我的，是我先看见的。
When did you first meet him? 你第一次见他是什么时候?
2） 有时at first并非固定搭配（first后还修饰有其他词语）。如：
She was so nice a girl that he fell in love with her at first sight. 她是这样好的一个姑娘，使他一见钟情。
She could tell at first glance to which class a man belonged. 她一眼就能看出一个人属于哪个阶级。
3） at first与at last不是一对反义词组，后者的意思是“终于”“最终”。如：
At last the truth became known. 最后真相大白了。
She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把一切准备好了。
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了，我已等了半小时。

【模拟试题】（答题时间：45分钟）
一、单项选择：
1. We must do it well, ________there are a lot of difficulties.
A. as if B. as though C. even though D. even as
2. ________ difficult it may be, we are sure to stick to our principle.
A. How B. No matter how C. What D. No matter what
3. —It’s a long time __________I saw you last.
—Yes, and what a pity it is now that it will be a long time __________we see each other again.
A. before; since B. since; when C. since; before D. when; before
4. —Why didn’t you try your best to get on the bus?
—I tried to, but_________ I could, it started moving.
A. until B. when C. before D. after
5. The head of the company promised to deal with matters of this sort________ he returned to his office.
A. until B. while C. by the time D. the moment
6. —Did you remember to give Tom the key to his bedroom?
—Yes. I gave it to him________ I saw him.
A. while B. once C. suddenly D. the moment
7. He had already walked three or four miles_______ he saw a cart, half-full of hay, by the side of the road.
A. while B. when C. the moment D. unless
8. My grandpa sowed the flower seeds in the garden_____________ it was the best time for them to grow.
A. where B. when C. that D. until
9. I’d like to settle down somewhere__________________ the climate is mild and the sun shines all year long.
A. which B. that C. where D. when
10. Heat does not travel by connection in solid, because the solid does not move, _____.
A. so does a liquid B. so a liquid does C. as does a liquid D. so is a liquid
11. Much _______the young couple needed money to make the down payment for the apartment, they wouldn’t ask their parents for help.
A. although B. as C. even if D. while
12. I have kept the photo____ I can always see it, as it reminds me of the days when I studied in Britain.
A. at which B. when C. where D. at the place
13. _____ your essay carefully before you hand it in, some mistakes can surely be avoided, I think.
A. Having checked B. Check
C. As long as you check D. While checking
14. I would appreciate it ______you can help me with my English this afternoon.
A. because B. until C. when D. if
15. _____ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although
16. _____ you’ve tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When
17. _________,Jack can never catch up with Tom in the study of English.
A. However he tries hard B. No matter how hard he tries
C. No matter how he tries hard D. As hard he tries
18. _________ was 1998 _________ I graduated from the university.
A. It; when B. It; that C. That; when D. That; that
19. The other day, I found my banknote________ I had left some weeks before.
A. that B. which C. where D. /
20. The famous scientist grew up _________ he was born and in 1930 he came to Shanghai.
A. when B. whenever C. where D. wherever
21. “It gives me great joy and I feel more pressure than I did _______ I won in China,” Ding Junhui said.
A. that B. when C. which D. how
22. _______ has taken part in the Athens Olympic Games is worth praising no matter _______ he has won medals or not.
A. Who; if B. Anyone; whether
C. Whoever; whether D. Whoever; how
23. If you are able to talk to a friend over the telephone, you feel that you are close _______ the actual distance is not shortened.
A. even if B. so long as C. if D. as
24. I’d like to live somewhere _______ the sun shines all year long.
A. which B. that C. where D. in which
25. ________ you may be right, I can’t altogether agree.
A. As B. While C. If D. Since
26. You should make it a rule to leave things _______you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. which
27. She found her calculator ______ she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
28. ________ we have achieved great success, we have no reason to be proud.
A. Since B. Even if C. Now that D. Even that

二、阅读分析：
A meteorite （陨石） almost hit an 80-year-old man named Arthur Pettifer in Britain when he was working in his garden. The meteorite was the biggest in the past 26 years in Britain.
The meteorite weighed （重量） one kilo, and might be over four thousand million （百万） years old.
“I hear the big noise in the air. I looked up and saw the tops of the trees coming and going,” he said. “I didn’t know what it was.”
Meteorites are small things from the small planets in space. About 3,500 meteorites may fall on earth every year, but only very few are found. Mr. Pettifer’s meteorite is the fifth to fall in Britain since the Second World War.
Mr. Pettifer is glad. “When you think about it coming from so far away, it really is something strange.”
1. The meteorite was ______ Mr Pettifer when it fell down.
A. close to B. far from C. hitting D. coming to
2. The meteorite was already ______ years old.
A. 40,000,000,000 B. 40,000,000
C. 400,000,000 D. 4,000,000,000
3. Mr. Pettifer found the tops of the trees coming and going because ______.
A. the trees were afraid
B. the fast falling meteorite kept the tree tops moving
C. it was going to rain
D. the moving was made by wind
4. ______ people see a meteorite fall although they visit the earth often each year.
A. Quite a few B. Some C. Few D. Many
5. Mr. Pettifer was ______ to see the falling of the meteorite.
A. happy B. afraid C. sorry D. angry

【试题答案】
一. 单选：
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. C 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. C 14. D 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. C
21. B 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. B

二.
1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A