美国数学建模论文写作格式.pdf

Introduction to Writing Papers in EnglishHarbin Institute of Technology Ge Hong主要内衮第一部分科学论文的语言特点语体词汇 句式结构第二部分怎样写作论文主体项目标题关键词引言讨论与结论作者与作者单住摘要结果致谢第一部分科学论文的语言特点语体(Linguistic Style)科学论文通常包括摘要、前言、观测（或 实验）、结果与分析、结论、讨论等部分-科技文体：语言表达方式具有抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性科技文体特性：语义上的准确性、非形象 性、没有明显的感情色彩和叙述的客观性词汇(Vocabulary)词汇的专业性强如：work,field,power,normal distribution词义专一如：技术规范词 absorbdiscover observe transmit选用词义明确、日常用词take in find out look at pass on概念鲜明的行为动词如：indicate,show,illustrate,demonstrate,review,report,outline,describe,explain,verify,prove,confirm,define,determine,enumerate,compare,contrast,investigate,develop,conclude 等等。多用复合词如：self-design,cross-sectional,dust-free,water-proof,input-orientation,piece-wise-linear-利用缩略词如：e.g-5 i.e vs.（与相对），ibid.（出处相同），etc.,品.（在上达型文中）,et al.（馨人）,viz.（即，就是）,DEA（data envelopmentanalysis）,OLS（Ordinary least-squares）反义词应用广泛如：positive-negative;linear-nonlinear;regularirregular;connect-disconnect;divisible-indivisible;organic-inorganic;effeetive-ineffeetive;parametric-nonparametric;多用名词群如：data transmission systems;high precision instrument;句式结构(Sentence Structure)陈述句多科学论文中,在描述实验、说明现象、明确 定义、表达定理、定律和原理时，多用陈 述句，很少使用疑问句，几乎不用感叹句 如：Gathering facts,confirming them,suggesting theories,testing them,and organizing findings-this is all the work of science.Generally speaking,neither gold nor stone are soluble in water.祈使句多科学研究论文的一个重要标准，就是所述 理论的可解释性，所做实验具有可重复性,不论谁照此去做都可以做成。因此,没有必 要指明主语。一般来说，祈使句多用于命 题、解题、顺序论证、实验指导、操作说 明、工艺介绍、文献注释等部分。如：Now let K equal to zero,then we obtain the following equation.Fill in the tube with cold water,and heat the tube to 100.复合句多科学技术是研究外界事物的发展变化规律 极其应用的学问。为了十分准确地反映事 物内在联系，就需要严密的逻辑思维，而 这种思维内容反映在语言的形式上，就必 然是并列关系和多种主从关系的长句。如:An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals,and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current,which is usually abbreviated to a.c.-It be+形容词（分词）+that”句型 为了叙述方便，避免句子滞重，英文科技 论文写作中常用it作形式主语。如：It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors,including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.It has been shown though the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral.As引出的简略句英文科技论文中常用As引出的多种主动、被动简 略形式，如：as the illustration shows;as has been stated above;as in figure 2;as follows 等。多用三种基本时态由于科学论文描述的主要对象是客观存在的事实、现象或真理，其英语句中谓动词的时态主要采用 一般现在时。在有表示过去的时间状语，或叙述 过去发生过的事实这样的情况下，才使用一般过 去时。若强调过去发生的事实对现在仍有影响，则用现在完成时。常用被动语态英文科技论文中的被动语态较多，这是因为：第 一，被动语态结构比主动语态结构更少主观色彩,描述客观事实，进行逻辑推理，正需要这种特征;第二，被动语态更能突出要论证、说明的对象，把它放在句子的主语位置上，就更能引人注目；第三，在很多情况下，被动结构比主动结构更简 短。在论文写作中，最好是主被动句式交替使用,兼而有之，以使句型多样化。如：It is argued.;The importance of the concept is emphasized;A set of necessary and sufficient conditions is examined.虚拟语气的使用科技论文中的很多内容都是有关科学家们对事物 和现象的论证和探讨，因此，常常涉及到各种条 件，所以在不少场合下有必要应用虚拟语气。此 夕卜，科学家们在表示他们对各种问题的看法时，为了使口气委婉，也往往使用虚拟语气。如：It would then appear that a better compromise could have been achieved.In a frictionless machine,the inequality of the above equation would become an equality.第二部分怎样写作论文主体项目正文主体结构 Abstract Introduction Methodology(Material and Method)Results Conclusion(Concluding remarks.Summary)标题(Title)基本功能：概括全文；吸引读者；便于检索 语言特点：一般不用完整的句子；多用名词 词组或动名词，如：Database Logic,Conference Interpreting and Its Effect Evaluation,Nonlinear Waves in Elastic Rods,Introducing Management into.写作要求:1,简短论标题一般在io个字内，最多不超 过15个词。2.避免标题空洞和笼统 如：Computer Retrieval（计竟机溢索）应该为Computer Retrieval on Literature of Physics”或a Computer Retrieval on Conference Information o3,不加冗余套语 英文科技论文的标题中一 般不加用 aRegarding./（Studies on”Investigation on Observation on “The Method of“Some thought on UA research on”等冗余套语。4.少用问题性标题5.避免名词与动名词混杂使用 如:标题是“The Treatment of Heating andEutechticum of Steel59 宜改为 Heating andEutechticuming of Steel956.避免使用非标准化的缩略语 论文标题要求简洁，但一般不使用缩略语，更不能使用 非标准化的缩略语。作者与作者单位(Author&Affiliation)基本功能：自负文责；便于检索和联系;提高知名度 语言特点：人名、地名采用汉语拼音；一般不注明学衔职称；单位地址由小到大。在国际刊物上发表论文，作者的单位应注明国籍和邮政编码 写作要求：体例一致;注明现地址（presentaddress)和永久地址(permanent address)关键词（Keywords）基本功能：顾名思义；便于检索 语言特点：多用名词；字数有限（46）；出处明确 写作要求:论文的关键字一般列在作者与单 位之下，论文摘要之上。也有列在论文摘 要之下的。关键词除第一个字母大写外，一般不要求大写。关键词间用逗号、分号 或大间隔隔开。最末一个关键词一般不加 用逗号、分号或句号。摘要(Abstract)基本功能：概括全文的缩影；决定取舍的依据；扩大流通的媒介 语言特点:1.短小精悍2.类别分明椭括型摘要概括型摘要讲的是“本文关于什么“、本文反映什么”，内容上比较宏观，概述论文的主要论点、分析过程和结论，长度一般在50至200字之 间，通常至少由三个句子组成。每个句子 综述论文的一个章节或段落的内容。这类 型的摘要多用于理论性较强的的论文。信息型摘要 它强调“本文包涵了什么“，“本文做了些什么”，内容比较微观，它 不但综述论文的主要内容、要旨、重点，而且需要列出有关的具体数据、实验结果 以及采用的方法。这一类型的摘要多用于 实验性或技术性较强的论文，其长度一般 相当于整篇论文的1/15至1/25 o3.结构固定 摘要大体上遵循“三段式”章 法，即通常由开灵、展开和辂尾三部分构成。A 题句=what指出论文主要是什么内容展开句=how进一步阐明主题句的具体内 容，指出研究方法、分析过程及论证的要 点等。A辂尾句=what是全文作出的结论或补充交 代等，即得出何种结论、结果或其意义。4.内容完整 完整的内容主要包括四个方面：研究的目的和萌；研究的方诊；研宽的辂塞；作者对研究的女要辂卷等。写作要求：1 避免过于简单如：In this paper,reconstruction of many holograms are presented by computer with an analyzed mathematical model.The process is proved to be effective,and the authors are satisfied with the results.The authors conclude that the process consumes 5%less fuel and turns out 12%more power.2.避免句子结构单调呆板如：The influence of.is discussed.Some design considerations are given.A practical construction.is shown.The method with high precision.is presented.The measured stability data are also given.3,避免使用非通用的缩略语4.删除冗余词语如：After an extended series of repeated experiments over a long period we concluded that.5.注意时态用法摘要提到本研究的内容时使用现在时。如In this paper we introduce the minimumorder approach to frequency assignment and present a theory which relates this approach to the traditional one.摘要提到对实验部分的描述时使用过去时。A constant 2mm depth of cut was maintained throughout the tests.摘要中提到本研究以前的情况，前人的结论 或本人以前的发现，要使用过去完成时。It has been the case that The author had found that.摘要中提到本研究今后的打算，或研究结 果可能产生的影响和效益，这时则使用一 般将来时。例如：This paper will give a description of a simple yet effective method for the achievement of improved values from an analogue of analysis.This technology will probably find application in making parts for space flight.6.不使用疑问句和感叹句弓I 言(Introduction)-基本功能：引入主题内容；限定研讨范围；说 明论文目的；交代写作安排引言内容的安排可以有较大的伸缩性，但基本内 容应包括研究背景、存在问题、研究目的、主要结论 和论文框架。语言特点：常以简述研究的背景入手；A常以回顾以往的历史展开；A常以解决现存的问题承转；A常以开展本文的研究落笔。写作要求：简要综述有关文献，以作为背景材料；1.在背景介绍和问题的提出中，应引用最相关的文 献，优先选择引用的文献应包括相关研究中的经 典、重要和最有说服力的文献。文献回顾至少有 一二个段落。2.引述其他学者的研究行为时通常采用一般过去时。Chen(1992)showed(found,reported,noted,suggested,observed,pointed out)that the water boils at 1002C.Somebody reported.The suggestion on.was given by.howeverThe experiment on.was carried by The research on.was made by.3.描述特定领域中最近的某种趋势，或强调表示某 些最近发生的事件对现在的影响时，常用现在完 成时。如：In recent years,a variety of standards have been proposed in literatures.The results made by.have shown.Recent experiments by have suggested.The previous work on.has indicated.提出研究问题1.指出存在问题的方法通常有以下几种形式:(/)以嘴的学者离德研究或处理系婚竟善的，宴等；(2)过去的研究桁金也中精探树的新问败；(3)血瑞辔有曹梃心两个以上4系相容的理卷机 点，而同处频作迷一步研究，才健解决的问题；(4)过去的研究很匈越可应犷展制新的泉自式顺成,我向瑞梃出的方注或我木可力改善武犷展副啾的感 用肥。2.提出问题的表达方式However,little is known about X 或 little literature is available on XHowever,few studies have been done on(published on)X 或 little attention has been devoted to XAlthough much research has been done on.Jittle work has been done on 或 X has been studied extensively,but little attention has been devoted to.叙述前人的欠缺以强调自己的创新时，可以采用如 下的表达：To the author s knowledge.;There is little information available in literature about.;Until recently,there is some lack of knowledge about.;A明确研究的目的The purpose(aim,objective)of this paper is to analyze the effect of X on Y.This paper presents(reports,describes,discusses)the results of experiments in which X is mixed with Y.In this paper,we propose a new algorithm for sorting X.In this paper,experimental results are presented to show that X.In this paper,we will argue(attempt to show)that This paper will propose(present,evaluate,discuss)a new method for analyzing X(a theory that attempts to explain X)The primary focus of this paper is on.A交代本文写作安排This paper is divided into five major sections as follows.Section One of this paper opens with Section Three develops the second hypothesis on.In this paper,data and results are presented under major heading of.Section 1 shows(introduces,reveals,treats,develops,deals with)In section 4,we will present experimental results that confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.The result of.is given in the last section.Section 5 presents concluding remarks.结果(Result)基本功能：浓缩观察的事实；归纳实验的发现；分析研究的结果语言特点:时态上多用现在时或过去时；A句式上多用简单句和虚拟语气；表达上常附以图表和论证分析；The results are shown in Table 1.The test results presented in Fig.2 show As Figure 2 shows,the temperature increased rapidly.写作要求:对实验或观察结果的表达要高度概括和提炼。A数据表达可采用文字与图表相结合的形式，尤其要 突出有科学意义和具有代表性的数据结果。文字表达要准确、简洁，避免使用冗长的词汇来介 绍或解释图表。避免把图表的序号作为段落的主体 句，应在句子中指出图表所揭示的结论，并把图表 的序号放在括号中。如：Fig.1 shows the relationship between A and B.A was significantly higher than B at all time points checked(Fig.1).表达“比较”时，避免使用“compared with，应 直接明确指出比较的结果。如：X was significantly increased compared with Y(Fig-1).X was significantly higher than Y(Fig.1).A对研究中成功的结果或结果中成功的部分，是结果 的核心，应予以评述和比较；After flight of less than two hours J1%of the army pilot and 33%of the civilian pilots reported back pain.It appears that because of their greater accumulated flying time,civilian pilots are subject to higher incidence of back pain.The results agree well with the findings of Smith,et.al.The theoretical model fits the experimental data well.The data indicate that the model is reliable and accurate.Our algorithm required consistently less processing time than Chen s algorithm.The values predicted by our model have a smaller degree of error than the values generated by Rickerfs model do.(Discussion and conclusion)-基本功能：回顾研究目的和假设；概述重要结果;申明研究局限；指出结果的理论意义和实际意义;指出争议的问题；得出最后的结论 语言特点：A时态上多用现在时、过去时；A句式上多用简单句、虚拟语气或从句；如：This research investigated the effects of two different learning methods.We originally assumed that worker who enjoyed a greater degree of privacy would be more satisfied with their jobs.写作要求：A对结果的解释要重点突出，简洁、清楚讨论的重点要集中于作者的主要论点，尽量给 出研究结果所能反映的原理、关系和普遍意义。A观点或结论的表达要清楚、明确。尽可能清楚地指出作者的观点和结论，并解 释支持还是反对已有的认识。此外，要大胆地讨 论工作的理论意义和可能的实际意义以及该项研 究的新颖性和重要性。如：The results of this study may lead to the development ofOur findings may be useful to.The technique presented in this paper should be useful in.对结果的科学意义和实用效果的表达要实事求是,适当留有余地。避免使用“For the first time”等类似的优先权说明A尽量指出方法的局限性，并提出相关建议。如:Only two sets of conditions were tested.Our findings may be only valid for females.We recognize that a single short test may not fully reflect the subjects9 level of competence.We suggest that these experiments be repeated using a wider range of initial conditions.In the future,we will investigate the effect of using an oxygen ambient.常用在结论中的英语句型：On the basis of.,the following conclusion can be made.From，we now conclude.We now sum up.To sum up.,we have revealed.We have demonstrated in this paper.The results of the experiment indicate.In conclusion,the results show Finally,a summary is given of.致谢(Acknowledgements)基本功能：表达谢意；承认他人工作 语言特点：有一定的程式；有例行的语句;有常用的术语。表示致谢的一些常用英语句型：.acknowledges.for.wishes to express his sincere appreciation toforThe author is indebted tofor.thank.for.We wish to express our thanks to.Thanks are due to for.gratefully acknowledge.to.for.Thanks go to for This work was supported in part by.Supported by.is gratefully acknowledged.Acknowledgement is made to for We have also benefited from 写作要求:被致谢者要具体；用词要恰当;未经被致谢者同意，不能随意写入致谢栏