知识点讲解.doc

Unit 1 friendship
Period1 warming up, pre-reading, reading, comprehending.
1.       add  (vt./vi)加，增加，补充说 词性拓展：additional  (adj)附加的，另外的； addition (n.) 加，增加
in addition 另外；此外         in addition to 除了……用法：（1）add sth. up 把…加起来
（2）add to 增添 （3）add… to … 把…加到…(4)add up  把…加起来  (5)add up to 总计；加起来结果是 …
 what he said about the accident and did with it ______ our trouble.
A. added up to  B. added to  C. add up   D. add add to 增添；不能用被动(B)
you’d better ________ your score and see if you have passed the exam.A. add up to  B. add to  C. add up   D.add
A 强调加起来的结果；C意为把……加起来（C）
2．point (n.) 尖端；点分数；要点；论点 用法：(1)on the point of 就要/将近…….的时候
（2）to the point 中肯，扼要（3）in point 恰当的，适当的 （4）there is no point in doing sth.做某事没有意义。The sailors were on the point of giving up ______ the captain came up.A. when   B. while  C. as    D. because Be on the point of doing … when …是固定句式。When 在此处表示“在那个时候”=and at that time 此时不能用其他词（as/while）代替。拓展：句型（1）be about to do ……when…… (2)be doing……when……
(3)have/had done ……. when……3.       ignore (vt.)不理睬 ；忽视
词性拓展： ignorant  adj.  无知的；不知的   ignorance   n.  无知；愚昧用法：（1）ignore sb./ sth. 忽视某人/某物（2）be ignorant of sth he ________ the doctor’s advice and goes on smoking
I was ________ of the fact that the boss could be so strict. (ignores; ignorant)
4. clam  adj.  平静的；镇静的；沉静的 you should keep clam in time of danger.
区别：silent 不说话，不出声；quite 安静的；宁静的；still 不动的；强调“静止状态”；clam  指人“沉着，镇定”；指自然“无风无浪”。（1）       the old man stood quite _______ , except that his lips moved slightly.
（2）       One man shouted at the boy, “ be _______ ,boy ! what’s the matter with you?”
（3）       He is _______ about the accident. （4）       He remained _________ in the face of the cruel enemy.
(1.    still 2.quite.3.silent.4.calm)
5.concern  vt.涉及；关系到     n.关心；关注 用法拓展：(1) be concerned about/for sth.关心挂念……
(2)be concerned in sth. 和某事有牵连 (3)be concerned with sth.与某事有关/关于…….(4)as concerns  关于（= concerning） (5)as far as …be concerned …就…… 而言 (6)show/feel concern for/about ……担心/关心……
the meeting was concerned _________ reforms and everyone present was concerned _______ their own interests.
A. with; for   B. with; with    C. for; about;  D. about; with
(前一句理解为“会议与改革有关”，因此此处应填介词with; 后一句句意为“到会的每一个人都关心自己的利益”，因此空二填介词 about/for 。 A)
6.loose   adj. 松的，松散的，松开的 词性拓展：loosen  vt./vi.   解开，放松；变松；用法拓展；break loose  挣脱出来；迸发出来   come (get) loose (结等)松掉；let /set loose释放；放出；发出
7．cheat n.欺骗;骗子   vt./vi. 欺骗；作弊 用法拓展：（1） cheat sb. into doing sth..欺骗某人做某事
   （2）cheat sb. (out) of sth. 欺骗某人某物（3）cheat sb. into the belief that … 骗某人相信…
(4)    cheat in the exam 考试作弊
8．reason  n. 理由；原因   vt./ vi. 推理；说服eg: my reason is that the cost will be too high. 我的理由是费用太高。词性拓展：reasonable  adj. 合情合理的 用法拓展：（1）for this /that /no /some reason 因为这个/那个/没有/某一理由（2）reason with sb. 和某人辩论（3）by reason of 因为，由于……（4）the reason for sth./ doing sth. is that …….做某事的理由是…….（5）       The reason why …… is that …… 做某事的理由是……
The reason _________ he was late was ______ his car had broken down on the way.
A. why; because   B. that; because   C. that; for   D. why; that
She would like to know the reason ________ fewer and fewer students are showing interest in her lesson.                   A. for  B. why  C. for that   D. which
What do you think of the reason ________ he explained in his last letter ________ refusing the job?  A. why; why   B. that; for which   C. which; for   D. that; because
(D.  B.首先分析定语从句结构，主谓齐全，空格只能填状语成分，所以使用关系副词why;c改为for which 也对； C. 注意：reason  后面的定语从句不一定用why引导，要看在定语从句中缺少什么句子成分。在这里explain 缺少宾语只能用关系代词that 或 which  引导。
补充：reason 与cause 的区别
reason  指在事实的基础上通过逻辑判断出的理由与conclusion (结论)相对，常与for或why 连用；cause是自然造成某种结果的原因，与effect(结果)相对，常与of 连用。
用reason, cause 填空（1）the ________ of the fire is still not known.（2）  Give me your ________ for doing it.
 9.list  vt.  列出   n. 表，一览表，目录，名单 用法拓展：make a list of ……列……表
10．Share  vt./vi.分享；共同使用    n.  一份；份额 用法拓展：（1）share (in) sth 分享/分担某物
（2）       share sth. with sb. 与某人共享某物；与某人分担某物
11． Feeling  n.  感觉；感情 词性拓展：feel  vt./vi. 感觉，感受，触摸         feelings 情感
12. Netherlands   n. 荷兰   Netherlander   n. 荷兰人    Netherlandish  adj. 荷兰的；荷兰人的；荷兰语的  n. 荷兰语13．German  n. 德国人；德语       adj. 德国的；德国人的；德语的词性拓展：Germany  n. 德国
用法拓展：German 的复数形式是Germans, 而英国人、法国人的复数形式是Englishmen和Frenchmen.
14. series  n. 连续；系列 there will be a series of football games next month.用法拓展：a series of meeting /exams /textbooks two series of stamps
series单复数同型，作主语时谓语动词根据 series 单复数概念决定，不根据of 的名词决定。
15．Outdoors  adv. 在户外；在野外children usually prefer playing outdoors.
相关拓展：outdoors  adj.户外的，野外的 indoors  adv. 在室内；入室内         indoor  adj.  室内的
16．Crazy  adj. 疯狂的；狂热 用法拓展：  （1）be crazy about …….对…… 狂热，痴迷
（2）be crazy for sb./sth. =long for 渴望某物或迷恋某人 （3 be crazy with 因……而发疯
he has greatly improved is spoken English by learning Crazy English.  And he ____ a chance to go abroad.  A. is crazy about   B. is crazy for    C. is hoping for   D. hopes about
17. nature  n.  自然；自然界 keep the balance of nature 
词性拓展： natural  adj.  自然的；   naturally  adv.  自然的 用法拓展：against nature  违反自然    by nature  生来；天生  in nature  性质上； in the nature of  具备……的性质
注意：nature 意思是“自然，自然界”，前面不加冠词。
18 .purpose  n.  目的；意图   the purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university.
用法拓展：(1)on purpose 故意地= with the purpose of doing (2) for the purpose of doing 为了 ……的目的
he held out his fist before the young man and tried to anger him ________.
A. for purpose    B. on purpose   C. in purpose    D. from purpose
19.dare  vt./ vi.  Aux. 敢；胆敢 用法拓展：（1） dare 作情态动词，一般用在否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中，后跟不带to 的不定式，有自己的过去式dared, 无人称和数的变化。 
He dared not go near the dog.
If you dare speak to me like that again , you’ll be sorry.(2) dare 用作实义动词，后跟带to 的不定式，有人称、数及时态的变化。但在否定句和疑问句中可省略to.Do you dare (to) jump off the high wall?She doesn’t dare (to) say anything ? 注意：做题时，应先判断dare 是情态动词还是实义动词。
He ________ his parents about his failure in the examination.A. dare not tell B. dares not to tell C. dare not to tell    D. dare not tell I wondered how he _________ that to the teacher.A. dare to say B. dare saying   C. not dare say   D. dared say
(D, 本题考察dare 的用法。做题时，应先判断dare 是情态动词还是实义动词。A\B\C三项从dare not 判断显然是情态动词，后应跟动词原形，排除B\C二项。A项dare 是情态动词，无人称和数的变化，不应加 “s”,故答案选 D.)
(D.本题考察dare 的用法。Dare 用作行为动词有人称、数和时态的变化。A项从to say 来看，dare 是实义动词，有时态的变化，应把dare 改为dared。用作情态没有人称和数的变化，但有时态变化，其后接省to 的不定式，但不能接动名词，排除B 。C没有这种形式，故答案选D.本句中dared say （情态动词）=dared to say (实义动词)
20．Thunder   n. 雷；雷声 vi. 打雷；雷鸣
拓展：thunder-storm  n.雷暴；雷雨    thunder- shower  n. 雷阵雨
21． Entirely  adv. 完全地；全然地，整个地
I agree with you entirely.
用法拓展：entire 是形容词，意为“整个的，全部的”（=whole）;全然的，完全的（=complete）;(构成一组的东西)全部齐全的未破坏的；无伤的，entire 通常置于名词前做定语。
注意：entirely 用在否定句中，表示部分否定。
单句改错：his work was not entire satisfactory.
(entire—entirely ,  副词修饰形容词，表部分否定。句意为“他的工作并非完全令人满意”。
22．Power  n.  能力；力量；权力）
the police have the power to detain offenders.
词性拓展：powerful  adj.  强有利的；强大的   powerless  adj. 无力量的；软弱  powerfully adv. 强大地
用法拓展：(1)have the power to do 有权利做某事（2）brain power 智力  political power 政权 electric/ water power  电/水力  power station 发电站（4） come into power  掌权（动作）; be in power 掌权（状态）
区分：power  能力； 力量； 电力；权力  strength  力量；力气  
energy 精力；能量 Full of ________ , he lifted the stone . Full of _________, he is always active. Hitler came into _________ in Germany in 1933.
We have the ________ to obtain our shares. (strength;   energy;  power;  power)
23. according  adv. 依照 you’ve been in prison six times according to our records.
词性拓展：accord  vt./ vi. (使符合，一致)
 accordant  adj.  一致的，调和的（with）;    accordingly  adv.  按照；依据
 用法拓展： according to 按照；根据……所说   后面接名词、代词或what 从句，用作状语。
________ what she said, the police quickly found the thief and caught him.
A. according         B. accordingly     C. according to   D. accord to
(C)
24. trust   vt./ n.  信任；信赖
don’t ask me; trust your own judgement.
用法拓展：（1）trust sb. = believe in sb.信任某人
（2）trust sb. to do ( 放心)托付某人做某事。
（3）sb. trust that ……相信……
词组：
1．    Make the following survey 做如下调查
Of the five hundred householders _________ , 40% had dishwashers.
A. to survey      B. surveyed   C. surveying    D. being surveyed
The teacher came in, __ some students.
A. follow    B. following   C. followed   D. to follow
(B, 表动宾关系，必须用被动关系，而且是完成被动。  B,考察非谓语动词。Follow 后面带着宾语，因此用现在分词作伴随状语。而不定式作状语表目的和结果。)
2．    Not …… until ……★
He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.
用法拓展：(1)本句型中主句谓语动词为瞬间动词，非延续。（2）当not until 放在句首时，主句用倒装语序，从句不倒装。（3） 在强调句中一般用not until 短语或从句。
注意：（1）遇到it is (was) …… that……  先判断是否是强调句，判断的标准是把 it is (was)…… that …… 去掉看句子仍然成立。
（2） not …… until ……  短语用在强调句型中必须合在一起。
 It was _______ last week that we ________ him .
A. until; knew   B. until; didn’t know   C. not until;  knew    D. not until; didn’t kow
(C. 本句为一强调句型，强调not … until 短语。 Not… until 用于此句型中，必须放在一起。另外，强调句的结构为：it is (was)+ 强调成分+that …) 
完成句子 直到她摘下墨镜来，我才意识到她是个著名的电影明星。
Not until she took off her sun-glasses ______ I _______ that she was a famous film star.
(did; realize   not until 放在句首时，用倒装语序，主句倒装而从句不倒装)
3．    Get it repaired 让别人修理……
My radio was broken, and I must get it repaired.
用法拓展：get sth. done  使某物被做； have sth. done 让别人做某事
★ get 之后可接复合宾语，即get +宾语+宾补，宾补可以是现在分词、过去分词或不定式短语，结构为：｛get +○+ doing 使……（主动）｝；｛get +○+ done 使……被……｝;｛get +○+ to do 使……做……｝get + 现在分词表示主动关系；get + 过去分词表示被动关系。
用所给动词的适当形式填空
（1）       let me try now.  I’ ll get the car________ (go)
（2）       when are you going to get your bike ________ (repair)?
（3）       I’ll get him ________ (do) the work.
(going  使汽车发动起来； repaired 表被动 ；  to do 主动，表将来)
the workers get ________ by the hour.
A. paid   B. pay  C. paying  D. to pay
(A, get paid by the hour 按小时付给工资。Get +过去分词表示被动关系)
 4．    Have got to 必须，不得不
He has got to finish his homework today.
用法拓展：have to 必须,不得不=have got to (客观) // must 必须（主观）
in the class of the computer information ,there weren’t enough computers for every student, so we ________ . A. had got to save    B. had to separate    C. had to share  D. had got to divide
(C.        由于电脑不够，我们不得不共用电脑。Share 在此处为不及物动词，“共用”)
5．    Walk the dog 遛狗
用法拓展：walk  在此处是及物动词“（使）走”。Walk sb. to exhaustion 使某人走得筋疲力尽；walk a horse  遛马；walk a bicycle 推着自行车走  walk a patient 扶着病人走
翻译句子：我陪你走到汽车站。（I’ll walk you to the bus stop）
while _________ the dog , you should take care not to __________ .otherwise, it may be dangerous to strangers.
A. walking;; get loose   B. walk; be loose  C. walking for; get it loose  D. walked; get loosing
(A.  C  项的 get it loose  是正确的；         但walk for  不对。)
6． Go through  (1)经历；经受   （2）仔细阅读或研究；仔细查看  （3）完成；用光；通过；穿过
 you really don’t know what we went through while working on this project.  你的确不知道我们搞这个项目吃了多少苦。
用法拓展：see through 看穿；看破    get through 通过；完成；接通电话 break through 突破  look through 浏览   through and through 从头至尾地
6．    Hide away 躲藏；隐藏； 把……隐藏起来
He hides my book away somewhere. 他把我的书藏在某个地方了。
用法拓展 hideaway  n. 隐藏处           hide sth. from sb. 把某事瞒着某人
 7．    Set down 放下；记下；登记
Why don’t you set your ideas down on paper?
用法拓展： set down= put down= take down
(1)    set about doing sth.开始做某事
(2)    set off  开始；出发；引爆         set sth.off 使…… 爆炸
(3)    set up 建立；创办
(4)    set sb. a good example 为……树立好榜样
(5)    set fire to 放火烧
(6)    set aside   把 ……放在一边；存储
she ________ the vase on the table and went out.
A. set out   B. set up    C. set down  D. set on
(C. 放下)
 8．    ★ happen to do sth. 碰巧正在做某事
when I was about to look for him, he happened to come in.
用法拓展：(1) happen to be doing 碰巧正在做某事
（2） happen to have done 碰巧做完了某事
（4）       happen to sb. / sth .发生
（5）        it happens that (从句)= 主语+ happen + to do 碰巧…….
（6）       As it happens 碰巧；偶然
It happened that I met him on my way home, yesterday. ( 改为同义句)
n          I happened to meet him on my way home,yesterday.
9. face to face  面对面地
she stood face to face with him.
用法拓展： hand in hand  手拉手  side by side 肩并肩 = shoulder to shoulder肩并肩
heart to heart 心连心地       back to back 背靠背地    arm in arm  手拉手地
词语辨析：
1.       be good to / be good for
be good to …对……好，和善；
be good for…对……有益
（1）       晨练对你的健康有好处。Doing morning exercise is good __________ your health.
（2）       他对我一向很好。He ha always been good ________ me.
（3）        这有益于她的学习。It is good  ______ her study.
(for; to; for)
2.       discover/ invent
discover 发现；看出，发现原来存在而不为人知的东西；
 invent 发明，发明原来不存在的东西
（1）       we ________ them to be cheats at last.
（2）       We have _______ that he is quite careful in his work.
（3）       Do you know who ________ the machine?
(discovered; discovered; invented)
3.       ★ do with / deal with
 都有“处理、与 ……有关”的意思，（1）do with 与 what 搭配， what 在句中作do 的宾语；（2）deal with  与how 搭配；
（1）______ do you do with the old bike?
（2）______ do you deal with the old bike?
(what; how)
it’s said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________.
A. it what to do with    B. what to do it with    C. what to do with it  D. to do what with it
(C.本题考查“疑问词+不定式”结构在句中做宾语。What 作 do 的宾语，it 作介词with的宾语。句意为“据说澳大利亚的土地多得政府都不知道怎么处理。
 4． In order to / so as to
in order to  和so as to 后接动词原形，用作目的状语时，二者用法一致，但in order to do语气强烈，可放在句首、句中；而 so as to do 语气较弱，只能放在句中，不能放在句首；它们的否定形式把not 放在to 的前面。
注意：in order to 引导目的状语从句时，不定式的逻辑主语同句子主语保持一致。
________ get a better score, she has been studying hard all day.
A. so has to   B. in order to  C. so that  D. in order that 
(B, so that 和in order that 引导从句)
★ in order to make our city green, __________.
A.      it is necessary to have planted more trees
B.      many trees need to plant
C.      our city need more trees
D.     we must plant more trees
(D. 本题考查in order to 引导目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语同句子主语一致的原则。目的状语的意思是“为了使我们的城市变绿“， make的逻辑主语是人（we）。
5．Too much / much too
too much 修饰不可数名词； much too作状语修饰形容词和副词。
注意：too much 用法同 much ; much too 的用法同too.  Too many  修饰可数名词
用too much, much too 填空
（1）       the price of the computers is _________ high.
（2）       The lady spent ________ money on new clothes.
（3）       The trip is _________ for the old man.
（4）       You shouldn’t talk ________ in the class.
(much too; too much; too much; too much)
交际用语
1．Say no to sb./ a plan / a proposal / a request 否定或拒绝某人（一项计划、提议、要求等）
  his father said no to his request for money.
用法拓展：(1) say yes /Ok to sb./ sth. 同意某人/某事
（2） say good-bye to sb.向某人告别
（3） say sorry to sb.向某人道歉。
（4）       Say hello /hi to sb. 向某人问候
2．I  wonder  if ……从句“我想知道是否……”语气较委婉。
I wonder if you will help me with my English.
I wonder if you like have a walk with me.
3. what should … be like ? 是用来对某人或某事的看法进行提问的交际用语，该句型常用的形式为：what is /was sb. / sth. like ?用于请对方说出某人或某事的样子或对其的感觉或看法，即“什么样子”
-----what do you think a good student should be like ?
-----I think he should be honest and hard-working.
用法拓展：其他句型有（1）how do …like?  （2）what do you think of …?
问……怎么样？
4．It’s because … it is 之后表原因的从句中，只能用because 来引导不能用since或 as
I think it’ because you eat too much.
用法拓展：this/ that/ it +is + because/ why/ when/where/how…
------ why hasn’t Jane spoken to me these days?
------ it is _________ you spoke ill of her behind her back.
A. as   B. because   C. for   D. since
(B. it is  之后只能用becaus