英文便条的写作解析.doc

英文便条的写作解析
　　一、概述
　　便条也是书信的一种形式。它的特点是内容简短，主要有临时性的询问、留言、通知、要求等。跟正规书信相比，便条的语言比较口头化，比如要通知某事只需这样开头：Just a line to tell you that ……而无须像正规书信那样This is to inform you that …开头。另外，在便条中常出现省略现象，例如：“key to back door is under mat.”或者“key to back door under mat.”(后门钥匙在垫子下面)代之以“The key to the back door is under the mat.”。
　　结束时也无需结尾礼词，只需写上写便条者姓名。如果是关系比较近的人，则只需写上姓或名。
　　便条的日期通常写在右上角。一般只写上星期几或者星期几上午或下午，也可写上午、下午的具体时刻。日常应用中，写上几月几日的也很普遍。但一般不写年份，因为便条的内容多半是当日或近日内要办的事情。
　　1）请假（Asking for Leave）
　　例1 Directions: You are about to write a Business Leave Note of about 100 words. Please describe these information clearly.
　　1) the reason you ask for the leave
　　2) the time and how long you will leave
　　例文：
　　Class 4, Grade 3
　　Aug. 22nd
　　To Department Office
　　Secretary Li,
　　I’m sorry to apply for ten day’s leave from the Aug. 23rd to sept, 3rd instant. As I have to leave with the time is urgent. My father now in the hospital is badly ill. I have to go to see him and take care of him for a few days. You know I’m the only child in my family. Of course I will show you the telegram about my fathers illness which is received from my mother to support my application.
　　As concern as the missed lessons during my absence, I promise I will do my best to catch them on after I come back to the campus. Wish for your allowance.
　　Yours respectfully
　　Li Ming
　　*本文是一封请假条，一般我们要向上级或老师请假，通常用的是ack for leave这个短语，请三天假可写作：ask for three days’ leave;因病请假则是ask for sick leave.leave在这里是名词用法，文中用的短语是apply for意为“申请”，含有更加郑重的意味，常用于下级对上级或晚辈对长辈的书面语中，“Only child”意为“独生子女”相应的，“独生女”译作“only daughter”而“独生子”译作“only son”. As concern as.后面跟名词性结构，意为“涉及到，至于”与Concerning同意，两者可以互换。
　　例2 Directions: Your father is seriously ill, and you want to go back home. Write a note to the secretary and it should include.
　　1) the cause for leaving;
　　2) the days: from 16th to 21 st;
　　3) Catch on the lesson after returning school.
　　例文：
　　July 5th
　　Dear Miss Huang,
　　My sister called me last night, and she said that my father is dangerously ill. I beg to apply for seven days’ leave of absence from 16th to 21st instant, in order that I can see my beloved father.
　　I should be much obliged if you would grant me my application. As regards the lessons to be missed during my absence, I will do my best to make up for them as soon as I get back from home.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　×××
　　*本格式采用The Semi-indented Form（半缩进式），以前比较流行，现在人们也继续采用。I should be much obliged if you would……是一种客套语，表示“结果……，我当不胜感激。”“补课”的英文是to make up for the lessons. as soon as意思是尽快。
　　2）收据和借条：
　　收据(Receipt)：既收到钱物之后，给交钱或送物人写张字据，说明已经收到某物，起书面证据作用。收条上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。英文的写法一般包括时间、正文、署名等几个部分。商务英文收据还包括收据编号和单位名称并加盖公章。常用套语为：Received from … (兹收到……).
　　借条(I.O.U.)：
　　借条是熟人间的便笺形式。留下字据，表示欠某人某物。与收据一样，借条需写明借钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。具体写法是：将时间写在正文的右上角，在正文的右下角署名，正文中须指明向借用人借用何物，文字要求简洁，其中所涉及的数字，须用英文拼出，相当于汉语的“人民币大写”，若是定期偿还的借据，还须注目偿还时间。常用的短语如: “Borrowed from …”, “I.O.U.(I owe you)” 意思是” 兹借到……”。
　　借条：
　　例1 Directions:You are going to write a note for borrowing sth please deseribe these information clearly.
　　1) the thing you ask
　　2) detailed what you are going to do with it.
　　3) how long will you take it.
　　例文：
　　Tuesday
　　Dear Xiao Wang:
　　I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days. Now I am translating some important articles. There are many new words which I have to look up the dictionary usually. I just have a paper dictionary but of course it’s not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my velocity of my translating. So I think your electonic dictionary is more suitable for me to complete my work. I promise that I must be very careful of your dictionary and make no damage done on it. Thank you very much!
　　Yours ever
　　Sam
　　*字典是我们日常生活中常用的学习工具，但是千万不能直接从字面上认为“查字典”就是“check the dictionary”，而应该用“look up”这个固定短语来表达。
　　“影响……”有一个很地道的短语。“have effect upon/on”,后面接受影响的人或物，如果是积极影响就在have和effect之间加a good ，反之，就加“a bad”其他的形容词例如great， remarkable也可以用来修饰effect，此词在这里是名词。
　　例2
　　根据所给信息写一张借条和一张收据。
　　1、借条
　　时间：2009年3月26日
　　内容：学生会张龙向外语系办公室借手提电脑一部和录音机 一台。言明一个星期后归还。
　　2、收据
　　时间：2009年3月26日
　　内容：外语系办公室收到学生会归还的手提电脑一部和录音机一台。
　　参考例文：
　　I. O. U.
　　March 20, 2009
　　Borrowed from the office of the Foreign Languages Department a laptop computer and a tape recorder, which is to be returned within one week from this date.
　　Zhang Long
　　The Students’ Union
　　Receipt
　　March 27, 2009
　　Received from the Students’ Union the following things:
　　One laptop computer
　　One tape recorder
　　The Foreign Languages Department Office
　　注意：:
　　在写借据、收据时，写字据的日期写于右上角，然后写明是“借”还是“收到”，向谁借的，收到谁的，以及“借”、“还”钱或物的名称和数量。立据人写于右下角。文字要求简练。
　　非正式的收条借条写法：
　　Jan.23rd,2003, Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this months tuition fee.
　　Li Man For the Finance Office ofForeign Language Institute
　　Sept. 16th, 2002, Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows:A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren, A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin, A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen
　　Wu Zhuo
　　For the Office of Social Science Department
　　非正式假条写法：
　　Jan. 10th, Dear Ms. Jiang, I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this mornings two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever. Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days. I will go back to school as soon as I recover.
　　Yours respectfully,
　　Tian Ye
英语作文的结尾方式示例
　　文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。
　　文章结尾的形式也是多种多样的，常见的有以下几种：
　　1、首尾呼应，画龙点睛
　　在文章的结尾，把含义较深的话放在末尾，以点明主题，深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” （我忘不了她）的结尾：
　　After her death，I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away，but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
　　2、重复主题句
　　结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”（我爱家乡）的结尾：
　　I love my home town，and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.
　　3、自然结尾
　　随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”（钓鱼）的结尾：
　　I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours，but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing，we lay down on the river bank，bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
　　4、含蓄性的结尾
　　用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法，而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”（收割的日子）的结尾：
　　Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat，but on every face there was a smile.
　　5、用反问结尾
　　虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，并具有特别的强调作用，引起读者深思。如“Should We Learn to Do Housework？”（我们要不要学做家务？） 的结尾。
　　Everyone should learn to do housework. Don‘t you agree，boys and girls？
　　6、指明方向，激励读者
　　结尾表示对将来的展望，或期待读者投入行动。如“Let‘s Go in for Sports”（让我们参加体育运动）的结尾：
　　As we have said above，sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let‘s go in for sports.
　　文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。
从六方面提高英语写作能力
　　书面表达是英语写作的重要组成部分，有不少学生觉得用英语写作很难，不知从何练起。笔者认为，在英语教学中，首先要抓住基础知识来培养学生的写作能力，立足教材，由易到难，由浅入深，采取多种形式来加强书面表达训练，这样英语写作水平才能得到提高。
　　一是通过词汇教学训练写作能力。要写好文章不是一朝一夕就能达到的，必须从最基础的词汇入手。教学中，教师要注意加强词汇方面的训练，力求给学生交代清楚每一个词语的具体用法。对一些重点的、核心的词汇要讲清，它的单独用法和搭配用法。为了更有效地与课本结合起来，每学完一个单元，教师要根据本单元的单词、短语造句，举一反三，帮助学生扩大词汇量，使学生词不离句，从而强化写作训练。
　　二是通过一句多译练习训练写作能力。就初一学生而言，他们虽然接触英语学习时间不长，但教师还是要注重引导学生多做一些一句多译练习，这样有助于启发学生的写作思路。考试时选择自己有把握的句子灵活地表达同一内容，减少失误，提高得分率。通过做汉译英练习，暴露出学生受母语影响的问题，教师要对这些问题及时进行讲评和纠正，培养和规范学生的英语表达能力。
　　三是结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。目前，信息来源的渠道多种多样，学生课文中有记叙、日记、通知、便条、书信、广告和说明等多种体裁，文中还有大量的插图，教师可利用图片让学生进行看图写作。要学好英语写作就必须从课文练起，从一些常见的文体练起，由短到长，由浅入深，循序渐进地进行。
　　四是通过背诵训练写作。培养学生的英语写作能力，以课文为中心训练写作能力非常重要，因为课文中的句子就是规范的英语范文。因此，每学完一篇课文或对话后，教师要让学生背诵和默写课文，使学生把词语放在句型、段落、篇章中去理解、记忆和体会，然后进行仿写、改写训练。
　　五是通过仿写和改写训练写作能力。仿写是提高英语写作能力行之有效的方法，在模仿写作中，格式、构思、表达方式等都可模仿，但要提醒学生注意创新变通，语句要通顺，符合英语表达习惯。仿写前要从时态、句型、内容选材等方面对学生加以辅导，指导学生怎样模仿，尤其要注意时态。
　　另外，改写也是一种很好的方法。改写就是对文章材料的文体、式样、句式等进行改编的一种训练方式。无论是改人称、改时态，还是改对话材料为叙述文字，都有助于学生复习巩固所学知识，培养学生所学知识的迁移运用能力，还能起到提高学生的写作能力的作用。
　　总之，要提高学生的英语写作能力，就要培养学生良好的学习习惯，要重视词、短语、造句的理解记忆，对课文中优秀的对话和篇章要背诵熟读，多做翻译、改写和仿写练习，结合课文进行各种体裁的写作训练。只有坚持不懈，持之以恒，才能写出准确、生动、规范的英语文章。
英语写作中使用率最高的句式
　　以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
　　以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。
　　1.表示原因
　　1）There are three reasons for this.
　　2）The reasons for this are as follows.
　　3）The reason for this is obvious.
　　4）The reason for this is not far to seek.
　　5）The reason for this is that.。。
　　6）We have good reason to believe that.。。
　　例如：
　　There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly，people‘s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
　　注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
　　2.表示好处
　　1）It has the following advantages.
　　2）It does us a lot of good.
　　3）It benefits us quite a lot.
　　4）It is beneficial to us.
　　5）It is of great benefit to us.
　　例如：
　　Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
　　3.表示坏处
　　1）It has more disadvantages than advantages.
　　2）It does us much harm.
　　3）It is harmful to us.
　　例如：
　　However，everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.
　　4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
　　1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb.to do sth.
　　2）We think it necessary to do sth.
　　3It plays an important role in our life.
　　例如：
　　Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business.Soon， computers will be found in every home，too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
　　5.表示措施
　　1）We should take some effective measures.
　　2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties.
　　3）We should do our utmost in doing sth.
　　4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with.
　　例如：
　　The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it.
　　6.表示变化
　　1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
　　2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world‘s communications.
　　3）The computer has brought about many changes in education.
　　例如：
　　Some changes have taken place in people‘s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
　　7.表示事实、现状
　　1）We cannot ignore the fact that.。。
　　2）No one can deny the fact that.。。
　　3）There is no denying the fact that.。。
　　4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.
　　5）However，that‘s not the case.
　　例如：
　　We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
　　8.表示比较
　　1）Compared with A，B.。。
　　2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
　　3）There is a striking contrast between them.
　　例如：
　　Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least，they contribute to people‘s health by giving them due physical exercise.
　　9.表示数量
　　1）It has increased（decreased）from.。。to.。。
　　2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000.
　　3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January.
　　例如：
　　With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people‘s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.
　　再如：
　　From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
　　10.表示看法
　　1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth.
　　2）People have different opinions on this problem.
　　3）People take different views of（on）the question.
　　4）Some people believe that.。。Others argue that.。。
　　例如：
　　People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.
　　Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
　　再如：
　　Do “lucky numberseally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it.
　　注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。
　　11.表示结论
　　1）In short，it can be said that .。。
　　2）It may be briefly summed up as follows.
　　3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that .。。
　　例如：
　　From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved.
　　注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
　　12.套语
　　1）It‘s well known to us that .。。
　　2）As is known to us，。。。
　　3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
　　4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that .。。
　　5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way.
　　例如：
　　As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.
　　The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory towerAs college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
　　再如：
　　Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.
英文短信息的缩写规则

　　全球兴起了一股新的热潮——手机上的热潮！因为SMS又快又便宜而且有意思，因此短信变得和电话一样普及。这而有一些使用SMS短信上的建议，或Short Message Service，用英语收发短信。
　.

　　英语有的拼写体系非常的复杂，并且拼出一个单词需要很长的时间。因此，很多人就开始缩写这些单词。这样省钱省时，但如果人们如果不熟悉现在的时尚朝向，同时也可能让让人大惑不解。而且，要掌握短信英语必须先掌握英语。
　　SMS俚语可以分成两种：首字母或缩写。
　　首字母缩写
　　首字母是由几个单词的首字母组成的（例如UN就是United Nations）。在短信中，首字母是常用的短语。此外，单独的字母也可能取代听起来类似的单词。看看这些例子：
　　OIC －Oh I see.
　　BRB －Be right back…
　　BFN －Bye for now
　　LOL －Laughing out loud
　　ASAP －As soon as possible
　　BTW －By the way…
　　FYI －For your information…
　　JK －Just kidding
　　TTYL －Talk to you later
　　缩写
　　SMS的缩写和一般的"don't"或者"they're"的缩写不一样，但是意图是一样的：去掉