高三备考冲刺必通的语法知识必考点.doc

高三备考冲刺 必通的语法知识必考点
高考对英语知识分为必考点、常考点、轮考点和暂时不考点。考前冲刺时间短，努力夯实必考点以取得最佳的效果。通过对近几年的高考试题的分析，以下考点为必考点：动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、动词短语、从句、冠词和代词。现将其重点内容分述如下：
1.动词的时态和语态
l 1.一般现在时：常考方向（1）表示目前的情况。（2）表示将来时。（3）表示某人拥有的一种技能。（5）在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
【考题回顾】
1.I_____ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. （2001全国卷D）
A. will play B. have played C. played D. play
2.---What would you do if it________tomorrow?
----We have to carry it on, since we’ve got everything ready.（2005全国卷B）
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. raining
3. -----You are drinking too much.
-----Only at home. No one ________ me but you. （2000北京春卷C）
A. is seeing B. had seen C. sees D. saw
l 2.现在完成时：查考方向（1）现在完成时常和以下时间状语连用：so far，since引导的状语连用，during、in、over the last few years（months，weeks），in recent years等。（2）下列句型中常用现在完成时：It is （has been）+ 一段时间+since从句
This（That、It）is the first （second。。。）time that+完成时
This（That、It）is the only…+that从句+完成时
This（That、It）is the best、finest…+that从句+完成时
（3）在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
【08考题回顾】
1. So far this year we ______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. （2008福建D）
A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen
2. By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it'll be too late for him to do anything about it. （2008山东C）
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
3. – Do you think we should accept that offer?
-- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out. （2008江西卷A）
A. have had; is running B. had; is running
C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run
l 3.一般过去时：常考方向（1）表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常和过去的具体时间状语连用；（2）表示过去的习惯；（3）表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。
【08考题回顾】
1. —Have you read book called Waiting for Anya?
—Who __ it? （2008北京卷C）
A. writes B. has written
C. wrote D. had written
2. —Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?
—Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society. （2008全国卷ID）
A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined
3. If the weather had been better we could have had a picnic. But it ____ all day. （全国卷II A）
A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining
4. He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young. （2008天津卷B）
A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played
5. Judy is going to marry the sailor she in Rome last year. （2008重庆B）
A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet
l 4.过去进行时 常考方向（1）过去某一时刻的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作。（2）某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
【08考题回顾】
1. The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped. （2008四川卷B）
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
2.I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother______on the phone all the time!(2008湖南卷A)
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
3. -----Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
-----Yes, I did. You know, my brother ________ in the match. （2008安徽卷B）
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played
l 5.过去完成时： 常考方向（1）by、by the end of、by the time、until、before、since后接表示某一时间的的短语或从句时，其主句用过去完成时。（2）表示未曾实现的愿望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped、planned、meant、intended、thought、wanted、expected等，或用上述动词过去式接不等式表示，即：hoped、planned…+to have done。
【08考题回顾】
1. The moment I got home, I found I my jacket on the playground. (2008陕西卷A)
A. had left B. left C. have left D. was leaving
2. We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we ______ each other for years. (2008辽宁卷C)
A. knew B. have known C. had known D. know
3. The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I ____ in many worse hotels. （2008北京卷D）
A .was staying B, stayed C. would stay D. had stayed
l 6.一般将来时：①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④be going to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
be going to 表将来不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
【08考题回顾】
If their marketing plans succeed, they ____ their sales by 20 percent. （全国卷II A）
A. will increase B. have been increasing
C. have increased D. would be increasing
l 7.现在完成进行时：
【08考题回顾】
--- I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
--- I think so. He _______ for it for months. （2008江苏卷D）
A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
l 8.现在进行时：①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
【08考题回顾】
1 — Have you got any job offers?
-- No. I ______.(2008辽宁卷D)
A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting
2. Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much. （2008重庆B）
A. have damaged B. are damaging C. damaged D. will damage
l 被动语态考查要点简述必考点
被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态by短语有时可以省略）。
（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
（2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
③表示归属的动词，如have、own、belong to等。

④表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。
⑥宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
（3）主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。
（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
【08考题回顾】
1. He as a national hero for winning the first gold medal for his country in the Olympics. （2008重庆B）
A. regarded B. was regarded C. has regarded D. had been regarded
2. The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ______ to arrive. 2008全国卷1A）
A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected
3. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention _____ when we talked on the phone. （2008江西卷B）
A. to promote B. having been promoted
C. having promoted D. to be promoted
4. —Do you have any problems if you ________ this job?
—Well, I’m thinking about the salary…(2008湖南卷C)
A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered
5. No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed. （2008北京卷A）
A. will be made B. is made
C. is being made D. has been made
6. I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio. （2008安徽卷D）
A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught
l 英语非谓语动词必考点
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明　　作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别

英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装
ask问 dread害怕 need需要
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝
decide决定 learn学习 vow起
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议
seek找，寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求
authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告推荐
bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒
beg请求 induce引诱 report报告
compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤
command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到
admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌
advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕
appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受
avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱
bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒
can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避
can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口
consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好
favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟
figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨
finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止
forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复
imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险
involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议
hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄
keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受
loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
T