东台中学英语不定式的讲解.doc

第一讲：不定式
不定式和动词象一对姐妹一样亲密，本不该拆开来讲，可是篇幅有限，只能让他们分开了。
　　不定式的构成非常简单，告诉我是什么？对！是to+动词原形。当然啦，to有时也可以不带。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，可以担当除谓语外的任何句子成分。那什么时候可以不带to呢? Listen to me carefully.
　　不定式省to有四种情况：
1. 使役动词 let, have, make 等后接不定式。如：Let him go! 让他走!
　2.would rather，had better后。如：You had better stay at home.你最好呆在家里。
　3. Why... / why not...后。如：Why not have a good rest on Sunday?
为什么星期天不好好休息一下呢?
　4.感官动词 see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省to。如：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
　　注意：这些情况在被动句中可千万不可省to 哟！ 如：The boss made them work the whole night. 变成被动句：They were made to work the whole night.
　　不定式的特殊用法：
　 It与不定式：动词不定式可以做主语，但如果动词不定式太长，显得头重脚轻的，那么我们就可用形式主语it代替，而把真正主语(即不定式)放于句尾。
　　如: It is not difficult for me to study English well.(对我来说学好英语是可能的。)不定式还可以充当句子的宾语，但有些动词，如find，think，believe 等，在语法上不能接受不定式作宾语，只有用it作形式宾语，从而把动词不定式置于句尾。这样的不定式可继续充当其宾语的作用。
　　如: I found it difficult to fall asleep.我发现很难入睡。
　　还有一点：动词不定式，还可用在how，when，where，what，which 等疑问代词或副词之后，与其共同作宾语。如：I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用电脑。Remember?
　　too...to...和enough...to：too...to表达"太 ... 一致于不能..."。
　　enough ... to 表达 "足以..."。这两个词组的用法用两个例子就可以说清楚了。
　　The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太沉了，我提不动。
　　He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。也就是说，他的年龄足够
　　上学了。记住这两个句子就可以举一反三，应用自如。你记住了吗？
　　好吧，再试一把趁热打铁！
　练习：
1. Tell him ___ the window.
　A. to close not 　B. not to close C. to not close D. not close
　2. Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
　 A. learn 　 B. to learn C. learned 　 D. learning
　3. You'd better _______the story in Japanese.
　 A. say 　 B. speak C. tell 　 D. talk
　4. The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
　 A. to eat not　 B. eating not C. not to eat 　 D. not eating
　5. ---- I usually go there by train. ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
　 A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
　6. There are some books on the floor, would you like ________?
A. to pick them up B. to pick up them C. pick it up D. pick up it
　7. She is very ill, let's _______a doctor at once.
　 A. to wake up 　 B. send for C. to pay for 　 D. pay for
　8. I want ________a teacher when I grow up.
　 A. to be 　 B. to C. be 　 D. being
　9. It's cold here. You'd better ______ your coat.
　 A. not take out B. not to take down C. not take off D. not to take away
　10. My mother told me ________more water.
　 A. drinking 　 B. drank C. to drink 　 D. drink

实战：
1. You'd better ____read in the sun. A. not to　 B. not C. don't 　 D. to
2. You aren't a new driver, are you? _______.
　 A. No, I am 　 B. Yes, I'm not C. No, you are D. Yes, I am
3. Must I stay here now?_____.
　 A. No, you mustn't B. No, you needn't C. Yes, you can D. Yes, you may
4. There is __"s" in the word "bus". A. a B. an 　 C. the D. /
5. Neither of us _____a doctor. A. is B. isn't C. are D. aren't
6. Who was the first in the girls'___ race ?
A. 400 metre B. 400-metre C. 400 metres 　 D. 400-metres
　7. It's too noisy here, I can't _______.
　 A. go to sleep B. fall to sleep C. sleeping 　 D. get to sleep
　8. The story happened _______ the evening of October 20, 1995.
　 A. at B. on C. in D. to
　9. Could I speak to Mr Gao, please? _______. He has gone to the hospital.
　 A. I think so B. Certainly, you can C. I'm afraid not D. I'm not sure
　10. I'm sorry to trouble you, Miss Hu. ______.
　 A. Fine, thank you. B. All right. C. It's very kind of you . D. It doesn't matter.
　11. Can you tell me where_____?
　 A. is the post office B. the post office is C. does the post office D. the post office does
　12. In England, the first name is _______name, but in China, the first name is ______ name.
　 A. family, given B. given, family C. family, family D. given, given
　13. Li Ping met an old friend of _______ on a train yesterday.
　 A. he B. him C. his　 D. her
　14. Kate is ________ girl.
　 A. a eighteen-year-old B. a eighteen-years-old C. an eighteen -years-old D. an eighteen-year-old
　15. Our city is getting ________.
　 A. beautiful and beautiful B. beautifuler and beautifuler
　 C. more and more beautiful 　D. more beautifler and more beautifuler
第二讲：动词语态
　　和时态一样，语态也是动词的一种形式，用来说明句中主语和谓语的关系。如果动作由主语执行，就可使用主动语态，如果主语不是由主语执行，主语是动作的承受者，则可使用被动语态。由此我们可以看出英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
　　被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者，什么事情被主语做。被动语态的构成和形式被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成，一定要记住是及物动词。助动词必须与主语的人称和数一致，注意要与我们前一讲学过的八个时态配合使用。
　　适合被动语态的情况：
不知道动作由谁发出，或由于某种原因没有必要说明谁发出动作。如：
　　This table is made of wood.
　需要突出或强调动作的承受者时，如：
　This park was built for children.
　　注意：主动句中的主语如果是people，they，somebody等含糊的表示"人或人们"，没有确指执行者是谁，为被动句时，通常省略"by+执行者"。如：
The door was opened secretly. But nobody came in.
　　注意：在主动句里,不定式在make，see，hear等动词后面作宾语补足语时都不带to，但变成被动句时，后面的不定式都需带to。如：He was made to do that work.
主动语态不能变被动语态的情况：
　　学了被动语态，别以为主动句和被动句可以随意转换，千万要注意呀！有些主动语态
　　不能转换成被动语态。
　　当宾语是反身代词时, 如： You should take care of yourself.
　当谓语是表状态的而不是表具体动作的及物动词时，如： Does the skirt suit you?
　练习：
1. The stars _______ in the daytime. A. can't see 　 B. can't be seen C. can't been see D. see
2. A present ____ to me by Mother next week. A. will give B. is given C. will be give D. will be given
3. The Communist Party of China _____ in Shanghai in 1921.
　A. was found 　 B. found C. was founded 　 D. founded
4. Great changes ______ in my hometown since liberation.
A. have been taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place
5. I was astonished (吃惊) to hear that the colour TV set __ 5,000 yuan.
　　　 A. has cost 　 B. cost C. costed 　 D. was cost
6. He was seen _______ something from the shop. 　　
　 A. steel 　　　 B. to steal C. to be stolen D. stealed
7. She has _____ by her classmates.
　A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at
8. The computer _____ in the room. A. can use 　 B. can be use C. can be used D. can used
9. That clock ______ Big Ben. A. call 　　　 B. calling C. is called 　 D. calls
10. The film ______ again sometime next week.
A. shows B. will shows C. will be shown 　 D. shows
实践：
1. I have never seen _ UFO in _ sky. A. a , the 　 B. an , the C. a, a D. the, a
2. --How is your brother's housework done? 　　　 --________
　A. Good 　　 B. All right C. Quite well D. Very bad
3. They come from England . They are _____.
　 A. Englishman B. English C . Englishmans D.an English
4. Would you please give me ____ colour pencils?
　A. any 　　 B. some C. a little 　 D. much
5. My father is sleeping now, could you ____ the radio a bit?
　A. turn up 　 B. turn on C. turn down D. turn off
6. It will be Children's Day soon and we're now ____ busy ____a bee.
　A. as...as 　 B. as ... like C. like...as D so ... like
7. --Well ,______? --I have a headache, doctor.
　 A. how do you do B. what's the matter with you
　 C. how are you feeling like D. what kind of illness do you have
8. The teacher told the boy _ it again. A. don't do B. does not do C. to not do D. not to do
9. I left here, _______. A. Mary does B. so does Mary C. Mary did so D. so did Mary
10. --Who teaches _____ English? --Mr Lin.
　　　 A. you 　　 B. your C. she 　　 D. Tom's
11. Have you finished ___ the book? A. read 　　　 B. to read C. reading 　 D. reads
12. The farmers taught us ______. A. to how pick apples. B. how pick apples.
　C. how picking apples D. how to pick apples
13. --_____ I watch Pro. Brown from morning till night?
　--No, you needn't. A. Must B. Can C. May D. Need.
14. Do you know ______? A. how long has he lived here B. how long he has lived here
C. he has lived here how long D. he has lived how long here
15. We will go to the Great wall if it _____ tomorrow.
A. doesn't rain 　 B. won't rain C. isn't raining 　 D. didn't rain
第三讲：被动语态
被动语态复习 ABC
A．熟记结构
被动语态的结构为“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词（p．p）”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为：
一般现在时：am／is／are＋p．p．
一般过去时：was／were＋p．p．
一般将来时：shall ／will be ＋p．p．
现在完成时：have ／has been ＋p．p．
现在进行时：am／is／are＋being＋p．p．
过去将来时：should ／would be ＋p．p．
含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词＋be＋p．p．例如：
① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people．
A．speak B．is speaking C．speaks D．is spoken
② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school．
A．were told B．is telling C．was told D．tells
（选C。一般过去时的被动语态）
③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China．
A．must B．must be C．has D．have （选B。含情态动词的被动语态）
B．明确用法
被动语态常用于以下两种情况：
1．不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者； 2．强调动作的承受者。例如：
这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。 The tree ______ ______ by that boy．
（填was broken）
C．熟练转换
1．将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：
①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；
②谓语动词变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态；
③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by短语可以省略）。
2．被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前；否定句是在第一个助动词后加not；特殊疑问句的语序为：疑问词＋一般疑问句。例如：
① You must throw the broken pottery away at once．
The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once．（同义句） （填must be thrown away）
② Where did they grow vegetables？（改为被动语态） Where _____vegetables _____？（填were；grown）
D．注意特例
将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：
1．含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：
①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；
②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如： ① He told us a story．（变被动语态）
→We were told a story（by him）．或：A story was told to us by him．
② Her mother gave her a new pen．（变被动语态） A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother．
2．短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如：
① This dictionary mustn't ______ from the library．
A．take away B．taken away C．are taken away D．be taken away
② She will take good care of the children．（变被动语态）
The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ （by her）．
3．含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday．（变被动语态）
He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday． （填was seen to）
4．不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be ＋过去分词”。例如：
The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city．
A．be building B．build C．be built D．built
5．以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：
Who has broken the cup？（改为被动语态）
→By whom has the cup been broken？
E．注意区别
被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：
1）含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：
The window is broken．窗子破了。（系表结构）
The window is broken by him．窗子被他打破了。（被动语态）
2）用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：
He was very interested in science．他对科学有极大兴趣。（系表结构）
I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know what to do．我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。（被动语态
F．牢记（相关）句型
初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：
1．be covered with被……覆盖
2．be made of由……制作（发生物理变化） be made from由……制作（发生化学变化）
be made in由（某地）制造 be made by被（某人）制造
3．be used for被用来…… be used as被当作（作为）……来使用
be used to do sth．被用来做某事
4．It is said that．．．据说…… It is hoped that．．．希望……
It is well known that．．．众所周知……例如：
①—Your coat looks nice．Is it ______ cotton？
—Yes．It's ________Shanghai．
A．made of；made by B.made of；made in C．made for；made by D．made for；made in ［B］
② This machine is used ______ the room wet．
A．for keeping B．as keeping C．keep D．to keeping
③ 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。
______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing．
（填It is said；another bridge；built）

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