中考英语阅读理解分类解读.doc

中考英语阅读理解分类解读
——兼选编2008年各地中考英语阅读理解试题

山东 张贵福
文章来源：2008年下半年度《试题与研究》

一、人物故事类
　　【命题趋势】
　　人物故事以记述人物生平故事为主。体裁一般是记叙文，包含记叙文的时间、地点、人物、事件等要素。写作手法多采用时间、空间或逻辑线索贯穿文章始终。命题以细节为主，推理为辅。近年来，人物传记类阅读文章在高中阅读理解题中有所减少。
　　【应试对策】
　　人物故事类文章多为记叙文，为了支撑所要描述的人物，短语往往会出现大量细节，这些细节有时很直接，理解字面意思即可，有时则很间接，需要综合、归纳、推理才能判断。准确理解细节是做好这类题的关键。那么，怎样准确理解细节呢？
首先，从问题中找到关键词；然后以此为线索，运用略读和查阅的技巧在文中迅速找细节；找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读，认真比较选项和文中细节的区别；最后，在正确理解细节的前提下，确定最佳答案。
【典型考题】
(1)
When we asked students what they want to be, they often talk about unusual jobs, things like teachers and doctors. But if you think about it, many people don’t plan to do their jobs. They just start doing them by accident. We have talked to two people with unusual jobs.
Emily is a dentist but she doesn’t work with people. She works with horses. After university she took care of animal’s health for several years, but she notices that there were few people who could help horses’ teeth. She deicide to go to college and study again. Then she had to buy special tools, but she is never out of work. She’d always very busy taking care of horses’ teeth. “I couldn’t be a dentist for people now,” Emily said, “because I really enjoy working with horses.”
As soon as David could read, he read books about robots, but the robots he build today don’t look like the strange robot people in his books. He build robots for industry. Early one he made up his mind to study math, science and computers so that he could break into the world of robot engineering. “Some of the math is very difficult.” say David, “but you must study math to be an engineer.” Fortunately he got top marks in all his math exams.
1. Emily doesn’t want to be a dentist because _________.
A. the pay is low B. she has to buy special tools
C. she will be out of work D. she likes working with horses
2. To become a robot engineer, David _________.
A. need to worry B. bought a lot of robots
C. had to study hard D. didn’t have to go to college
3. David got top marks in all his math exams, although _________.
A. math was not easy to study
B. he has to study math to be an engineer
C. he could break into the world of robot engineering
D. he made up his mind to study math, science and computers
（2008年天津市初中毕业生学业考试试卷）
　　 （2）
One day when Jack was walking in the park, he saw a woman, who lived a few miles away, sitting on a bench with a dog beside her. The dog was looking up at the woman.
　　Jack walked up to the woman and said, "Hello, Sue, how are you? May I sit and talk with you for a while?" "Of course, please sit down," Sue said. Jack sat down next to Sue on the bench, and they talked quietly together. The dog continued to look up at Sue, as if waiting to be fed.
　　"That's a nice dog, isn't he?" Jack said, pointing at the animal.
　　"Yes, he is. He's handsome. He's a bit of a mixture, but that's not a bad thing. He's strong and healthy."
　　"And hungry, "Jack said." He hasn't taken his eyes off you. He thinks you've got some food for him."
　　"That's true, "Sue said." But I haven't."
　　They both laughed and then Jack said, "Does your dog bite?"
　　"No, "Sue said, "He's never bitten anyone. He's always gentle and friendly."
　　Hearing this, Jack decided to hold out his hand and touched the animal's head. Suddenly it jumped up and bit him.
　　"Hey!" Jack shouted." You said your dog didn't bite."
　　Sue replied in surprise, "Yeah, I did. But this is not my dog. My dog's at home."
　 4.The dog looked at the woman because _________.
　　A. the woman wanted to feed him
　　B. the woman was friendly
　　C. he was strong and healthy
　　D. he was hungry
　　5.Jack and Sue were _________.
　　A. friends B. next-door neighbors
　　C. strangers D. in the same family
　　6. Jack touched the dog because he believed _________.
　　A. the dog was handsome
　　B. Sue's dog was unfriendly
　　C. the dog belonged to Sue
　　D. Sue's dog was at home
　　7.We can infer form the passage that _________.
　　A. Sue gave a wrong answer
　　B. Jack made a mistake
　　C. the dog wasn't dangerous
　　D. both Jack and Sue liked the dog
　　8. Which of the Following can be the best title of the passage?
　　A. A Wrong Question B. Sue's Dog
C. A pleasant Meeting D. Sue's Friend
（2008年武汉市初中毕业生学业考试）
参考答案：1~5 DCA DA 6~8 CBA

二、社会文化类
　　【命题趋势】
　　语言是社会文化的重要载体。学习英语的目的之一就是“提高初步运用英语进行交际的能力，增强对外国文化，特别是英语国家文化的了解”。因此，社会文化类试题出现在高考试卷中是必然的。社会文化类文章的命题有以下趋势：
　　1.以中西文化差异作为选材的重点。如礼仪、语言生活习惯、世界观、价值观等为主题。题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。
　　2.一般一篇文章一个主题。以议论文、记叙文居多。
　　3.命题方面，既重主旨把握，又重特定细节，时有推断。
　　【应试对策】
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：
　　1.重视英语词汇、语法和习惯用法的掌握。
　　在复习过程加强对语言基础知识的掌握。对于普通中学毕业生来说，应具备2000－3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
　　2.扩展文化背景知识，认真研读历届高考题。
　　从近五年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会化背景知识。因此，要通过阅读更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，要通过阅读更多地了解并丰富自己的知识。
　　同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁。了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。
3.广泛涉猎，丰富消遣阅读。
【典型考题】
（1）
第一节：阅读短文，根据其内容，选择最佳选项完成下列各题。（10分）
Beijing Opera is also called Peking Opera. It came into being after 1790 when the famous four Anhui opera troupes(戏班) came to Beijing. Its music and singing(唱腔) come from Xipi and Erhuang in Anhui and Hubei. Its costumes are all fascinating and artistic. It is the highest expression of the Chinese culture. It’s full of famous stories, beautiful facial paintings, and wonderful gestures and fighting. This kind of opera is very popular with Chinese people.
There are four main roles in Beijing Opera: Sheng, Dan, Jing and Chou. Sheng is the leading male(男性) actor. For example, a Wusheng is a soldier or fighter. A Xiaosheng is a young man. A Laosheng is an old man. Dan is the female(女性) role. Jing, mostly male, is the face-painted role and Chou is the comedy actor or clown.
Stories in Beijing Opera are very interesting. Some of them are from the history book, but most of them are from the literature, especially famous novels. The people in the story usually have some disagreements. They become angry and unhappy. They are sad and lonely. Sometimes they are nervous and worried. Then they find a way to make peace. The stories usually end with happiness and laughter and people are all happy in the end.
( )56. Beijing Opera’s singing is from _________.
A. Anhui and Hubei B. Beijing and Anhui
C. the history book D. the literature and novels
( )57. The second paragraph(段落) of the reading is about the _________ of Beijing Opera.
A. stories B. roles C. gestures D. paintings
( )58. From the reading, we know the role Chou most probably has a (n) _________ feature.
A. honest B. funny C. dull D. serious
( ) 59. Which of the following is the role Sheng?
A. B. C. D.
( ) 60. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Peking Opera is full of different gestures.

B. There are only four roles in Beijing Opera.
C. Beijing Opera is the most popular in the world.
D. The people in the story usually are in agreement.
第二节：阅读短文，根据其内容，选择最佳选项完成下列各题。（10分）
October 16 is World Food Day. This day is also the anniversary(纪念日) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)(联合国粮农组织).More than 100 countries are holding special events. All of these aim to celebrate the establishment of the FAO in 1945. The theme chosen for this year’s World Food Day is “Water: Source(资源) of Food Security”.
A UN report says that over 6 million people have died from hunger and related diseases so far this year alone. More than 850 million people, or about one in seven, around the world do not get enough food, and the need for food will increase as the world’s population grows. The UN also reports that by year 2030, the world may need 60% more food. Most of that increase will have to come from agriculture supported by water irrigation(灌溉). However, fresh water is already in short supply in many countries.
Jacques Diouf, the director of the FAO, says that there are 20 countries that do not have enough water to produce enough food for their populations. Ten nations use more than 40% of their total fresh water for agriculture. He fears that the problem will only become worse as the need for water by people and by industry grows. So water is one of the most important things in the world today.
( ) 61. The underlined(画线的) word “establishment” has the same meaning as _________.
A. picking up B. making up C. cutting up D. setting up
( ) 62. In the world, more than _________ people have died because of hunger this year.
A. 6 million B. 2 million C. 850 million D. 100 million
( ) 63. What Mr. Diouf says shows that he most worries about_________.
A. the future of the FAO B. the short of water
C. the overgrowth of population D. the development of the environment
( ) 64. The reading above implies(暗示) that _________.
A. fresh water for us is quite enough B. the world’s population is getting smaller
C. we will need more water to irrigate D. industry is the most important thing today
( ) 65. The passage is mainly about _________.
A. how to celebrate World Food Day B. the increase of food in many countries
C. the importance of water for food D. the UN Food and Agriculture Organization
（湖北省十堰市2008年初中毕业生学业考试）
（2）
Bargaining is the rule here in Beijing. At least, it is so in most markets and back-street clothes shops. Bargaining is an art and if you are unfamiliar(不熟悉) with it, we'd like to offer you some advice. The tips(窍门) here are often used in Beijing but may help you at any place in the world where bargaining is practiced.
DO NOT say how much you want to pay for an item(物品) unless it’s near the end of the bargaining. Always try and drop the seller's offering price as much as possible before opening your mouth with a price.
DO throw out really low prices like 10 RMB with a big smile.
DO keep smiling from the beginning to the end. The seller usually continues bargaining with a happy smiling face. Getting angry hardly gets you the price you want.
KEEP in mind the price offered by the seller at the beginning is usually at least 40% over the generally reasonable price. It can be up to 500% over.
DO have an idea of what the item costs. You can ask your friends, people in the hotel or others you know, or look at the list below. This is very general and is based(根据) on a market like Xiu Shui. You may not be able to get the lowest prices at Xiu Shui, especially on a weekend when there are lots of tourists around.
56. Who is this passage written for?
A. Owners of back-street shops. B. Businessmen in Beijing.
C. Those who are good at bargaining. D. Those who travel in Beijing.
57. What is the topic the writer is mainly talking about in this passage?
A. Beijing markets. B. Bargaining tips.
C. Lowest price s. D. Seller’s offer.
58. What is the most important thing to do in bargaining with the seller?
A. Keep smiling. B. Be patient.
C. Don’t get angry. D. Don’t say anything.
59. What is NOT included in the tips often used to bargain in Beijing?
A. Find out the true price and go to the markets with friends.
B. Don’t offer your price until the end of the bargaining with a smile.
C. Drop the seller’s offering price four or five times（倍）until he agrees.
D. Don’t go to markets at the time when there are too many tourists.
60. Which of the following can help you get an item you want at the lowest price?
A. Whenever you go shopping, take a price list with you.
B. You can bargain for anything at the price of 10 RMB.
C. The price range(范围) for you to bargain is usually between 40% and 500%.
D. Xiu Shui Market is the biggest shopping center where prices are always reasonable.
（2008年湖北省宜昌市初中毕业生学业考试）
（3）
C. Choose the best answer（根据短文内容，选择最恰当的答案): ( 6分)
The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago. There are some traditions that you can find almost anywhere, anytime, such as sending birthday cards, blowing out the candles on a birthday cake and singing the ‘Happy Birthday’ song. Others are only found for certain ages and in certain countries.
In China, on a child’s second birthday, family members put many things on the floor around the child. According to Chinese tradition, the first thing that the child picks up tells you what profession the child will choose later in life.
For Japanese children, the third, fifth and seventh birthdays are especially important. At this age, there is a special celebration Shichi-GoSan (seven, five, three in Japanese) when children go to the temple wearing a new kimono (和服). The priest (僧侣) gives them special sweets, and the parents usually organize a party for their friends in their home.
In Argentina, Mexico and several other Latin American countries, girls have a special birthday celebration when they reach the age of fifteen. After a special ceremony (仪式), the girls dance a waltz with their father and other boys.
Eighteen is the traditional ‘coming of age’— the age when (in many countries) you have the right to vote (选举), join the army and (in Britain) drink alcohol or buy a house.
In many English-speaking countries, a twenty-first birthday cake often has a key on top, or the cake itself is sometimes in the shape of a key. The key means that the young person is now old enough to leave and enter the family home at any time they want to!
84. Which of the following birthday traditions can be found almost anywhere, anytime?
A) Putting many things on the floor. B) Wearing a new kimono.
C) Dancing a waltz. D) Sending birthday cards.
85. The _________ usually organize a party at children’s special birthday celebration in Japan.
A) priests B) parents C) friends D) relatives
86. Mexican girls have a special birthday celebration at the age of _________.
A) five B) seven C) fifteen D) twenty-one
87. In many countries you can _________ when you reach the age of eighteen.
A) join the army B) have a key
C) have a special ceremony D) have special sweets
88. Which of the following sentences is NOT true?
A) The tradition of birthday parties started a long time ago.
B) Some birthday traditions are only found in certain countries.
C) You become the owner of your house at the age of fifteen.
D) In many countries you have the right to vote at the age of eighteen.
89. Which is the best title of this passage?
A) Birthday Traditions around the World
B) Chinese Birthday Celebrations
C) Japanese Special Celebration
D) The Drinking Age in Many Countries
（2008年上海市初中毕业生统一学业考试）
（4）
You may have known several kinds of police, traffic police, and street police. But have you ever heard of energy-saving(节能) policemen ?
A group of 22 of these new policemen went to work last week in Beijing. They go around the city to see the use of energy in hotels, office buildings, shopping centers and onther public places. One