初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列第10辑(共20辑)课.doc

初中英语中考总复习综合知识归纳系列
第10辑（共20辑）
课文中的基本句型

1. S+V 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如:
He laughed.
John has read widely.
He lives in London.
2. S+V+O 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如:
Our team beat all the others.
3. S+V+P 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如:
The rose smells sweet.
4. S+V+INO+DO 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。
可跟双宾语的动词有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,
pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell,write等。如:
Mr. Li told us an interesting story.     
      Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua?
5. S+V+O+OC此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如:
      We must keep our school clean.  
      They made him their monitor.
【注】S=Subject(主语); V=Verb(谓语动词);
P=Predicative(表语); O=Object(宾语);
INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);
DO=Direct Object(直接宾语);
OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语)

句子的基本结构
句子是语言交流或表达思想感情的基本单位。要翻译好句子,做好书面表达,就必须首先掌握句子的基本结构。
句型1: 主语+谓语(状语)
[要点精讲]在这个句型中,谓语动词是不及物动词,后面不接宾语,没有被动语态。但副词、介词短语、名词短语等可以作状语来表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等。在使用该句型时,要特别注意谓语动词的时态、人称和数的变化以及各种句型之间的相互转换等。
[方法平移]
根据汉语提示完成下面的句子:
1. 他既不会跳舞,也不会唱歌。He can _______ _______ _______ _______.
2. 天黑了,你最好回家。It’s dark now. You’d better _______ _______.
3. 我认为他能跳三米远。I think he can _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ .
Key: 1. neither dance nor sing 2. go home 3. jump as far as three metres
句型2:主语+系动词+表语
[要点精讲]常见的系动词有:be, look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall, become, turn 等。在此句型中,系动词不是主语发出的动作,表语常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、名词从句等充当。

[注意]有些形容词只能作表语而不能修饰名词,初中阶段学过的有:asleep, alone, alive, afraid, sure , sorry 等。
[方法平移]
1. The couple(A) often visit the old man, so(B) he feels happily(C) all the time(D).(改错)
2. The oranges taste(A) terribly(B). None(C) of us likes(D) them.(改错) (烟台市)
3. 李老师病情严重,但仍坚持工作。硬要她休息恐怕是不可能的。(根据汉语提示完成句子) Mrs. Li _______ seriously _______, but she still keeps working. I _______ _______ it’s not possible to make her rest in bed.
4. Edison and Einstein _______ _______ _______ _______ (都是伟大的科学家).(根据汉语提示完成句子)
5. Don’t eat the food. It _______. (单项选择)
A. smells badly B. smells bad C. smells good D. smells well
Key: 1. C happily→happy 2. B terribly→terrible 3. is; ill; am afraid
4. are both great scientists 5. B
句型3:主语+谓语+宾语
[要点精讲]在该句型中,谓语动词是及物动词,后面必须跟宾语句意才能表达完整、正确。宾语可以是名词、代词、不定式、v-ing 形式和宾语从句等。在使用该句型时,注意谓语动词的时态、语态、人称的变化以及各种句型之间的相互转换等。
[方法平移]
1. We planted many trees in our school yard last month. (改为被动语态) (青海省)
Many trees_______ _______ in our school yard last month.
2. Melissa got a birthday present. (就划线部分提问) (四川省)
What _______ Melissa _______?
3. 我想知道世界上正在发生什么事情。(根据汉语提示完成句子)(威海市)
I want to know_______ _______ _______ in the world.
4. You needn’t_______ _______ _______(不必为我担心). I can_______ _______ _______(照料自己). (根据汉语提示完成句子)(岳阳市)

Key: 1. were planted 2. did, get 3. what is happening
4. worry about me; look after myself
句型4:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
[要点精讲]可以跟双宾语的动词常见的有:ask, bring, buy, cost, fetch, give, hand, lend, pass, pay, read, return, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, write等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前,若将间接宾语置于直接宾语之后,则要用介词to 或 for。
[方法平移]
1. 母亲节那天我要给妈妈买件礼物。(根据汉语提示完成句子)
I want to buy_______ _______ _______ _______ on Mother’s Day.
2. 请给我看一下你的照片。(根据汉语提示完成句子)
Please_______ _______ _______ _______.
3. 老师耐心地向学生解释了那道数学题。(根据汉语提示完成句子)
The teacher _______ _______ _______ _______ to the students patiently.
4. Her uncle gave her a nice present yesterday. (同义句转换)
Her uncle gave a nice present _______ _______ yesterday.
5. Mother is making me a cake. (改为被动语态)
_______ _______ _______ _______ _ for me by Mother.
Key: 1. my mother a present   2. show me your photo(s)   
         3. explained the math problem   4. to her    5. A cake is being made
句型5:主语 + 谓语 + 宾语+ 宾语补足语
[要点精讲]英语中,有些及物动词只跟宾语意思还不完整,必须再加一个宾语补足语补充说明宾语的动作或状态。可以做宾语补足语的是:名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。可以接宾补的动词常见的有:let, make, have, find, think, see, hear, watch, feel, notice等。
[方法平移]
1. 我总认为学好英语很重要。 (根据汉语提示完成句子) I always think _______ _______  _______ _______  _______ English well.
2. 他的朋友们经常叫他戒烟。(根据汉语提示完成句子) His friends often _______ _______  _______ _______  _______ smoking.
3. 你不应当让他一个人去那儿。(根据汉语提示完成句子) You shouldn’t_______ _______  _______ there alone.
4. Every teacher wishes _______ _______ _______ _______ _______(学生努力学习)to make progress. (根据汉语提示完成句子) 5. He tried(A) to make(B) himself hear(C) at the parents' meeting(D).(改错) 
Key: 1. it very important to learn/ it’s very important to learn  
         2. ask him to give up     3. let him go   4. the students to study hard  
         5. C  hear→heard
句子的倒装结构
英语句子的自然语序是主语在前,谓语在后。把谓语放在主语之前,就叫做倒装。全部谓语放在主语之前,叫做全部倒装;只把部分谓语即be动词、助动词或情态动词放在主语之前,叫做部分倒装。
1. 存在句(there be/ live/ stand/ lie/ seem等)需要全部倒装。如:
There once lived an old hunter in the house.
这所房子里曾住过一位老猎人。
There seems to be many listeners.
似乎有很多听众。
2. 副词here, there, now, then等置于句首(经常与go, come等动词连用),全句需要全部倒装。如:
Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。
Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。
注意:如果主语是人称代词则不用倒装。如:
Here they are. 他们在这儿。
3. 介词短语作为地点状语置于句首,后面如果有lie, live, sit, stand, come, go等动词,全句需要全部倒装。如:
Into the hall came three women.
大厅里走进来三位妇女。
In the east of the school lies a big bookshop.
学校的东边有一个大的书店。
4. 当上文所表达的含义也适用于另一个人或物时,要用so/ neither/ nor+be/ 助词/ 情态动词+主语;此时谓语的时态、语态应与前句谓语的时态、语态相一致。如:
—I have finished my homework.
   我已经做完作业了。
—So has he. 他也做完了。
—I haven’t seen that film. 我没看过那部电影。
—Neither (Nor) have I.  我也没有。
5. not only... but also...连接两个并列句,且not only置于句首时,前句需要部分倒装。如:
Not only did he dislike the way we spoke, but he disliked the way we dressed.
他不但不喜欢我们说话的方式,而且也不喜欢我们着装的方式。
it句 型
1. It is + 被强调部分 + that ...　 　BS.^?
　 该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。 Y>m
It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. L
It was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday. JXB
It was in the street that I met her father. 5\/L
2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ....:"
该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语＂直到．．．才．．．＂，可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式。 \
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.y}
= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.9%`_5
= I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. MI]
3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that .....r
　 该句型中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，肯定．．．）＂　是主语从句最常见的一种结构。 　　fMxz
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. 　　lW
= That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ...E|}Qu1
　　该句型和上一个同属一个句型。由于主句中的形容词不同，that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去。建议记住该句型中的形容词。,:
It is important that we (should) learn English well. 　　)CX
It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 5V
5. It is said (reported, learned....) that ...2
　　该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为＂据说（据报道，据悉．．．）＂。 　　7
It is said that he has come to Beijing. 　　4
It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.zE\
6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ...=k~I
　　该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求，建议，命令等词时，that　后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省。常译为＂据建议；有命令．．．） 　　
It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. 　t,o
It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. b)^
7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...U!{*
该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should可省去．表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂。没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气。 ,mH
It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class._"
这种事竟然发生在你们班上，真是遗憾！ 　"o
It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了，真遗憾！ 0)z
8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ...b
　　该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是① 常用过去时态表示虚拟．② 有时也用should + 动词原形，should 不能省。常译为＂是（正是）．．．的时侯．．．＂。 　　|B)
It is time that children should go to bed. 　　s
= It is time that children went to bed. $O$r
9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...o_%
　　该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that 可以省去；it有时用 this 替换．常译为＂是第一（二）．．．次．．．＂。
It is the first time I have been here. 7%-
= This is the first time I have been here. @X!z
10. It is .... since ...?
　　该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时或完成时，since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。 　
It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. ]
11. It is ... when ...t;~@U!
　　该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为＂当．．．的时候，是．．．＂。 　　lz
It was 5 o’clock when he came here. f%
12. It be ... before ...Fi
　　该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态．主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为＂．．．之后．．．＂。 %{r?
It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. 9V
It will be not long before he finishes his job. bXlxw}
13. It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that.../TO
　　该句型中it是形式主语，that 引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen , seem等词是不及物动词|
It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧．． 　z
It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来．．． rb
14. It takes sb. ... to do sth.LN#e
　　该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，it是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为＂做．．．要花费某人．．．＂。 　　主句中的表语可以是no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use )。 　　N
It is no good learning English without speaking English. Pe
16. It doesn’t matter whether ( if ) ...817D;
　　该句型中whether(if) 引导的从句是真正主语，该句型常译为　＂不论（是否）．．．没关系．．．。 　　　 sb. ) to do sth.+1R}p3
该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of引起，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有： bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good （好心的）, honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice（有教养的）, polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong（错误的）等。 这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth 　 <0&}^
It is kind of you to say so. z
= You are kind to say so. 8.
18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth.P?U=
　　该句型与上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for引起，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：① important, necessary, natural ② easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant等。 　　x/
在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写， 如： 　　0
It is important for her to come to the party. y]
= It is important that she (should ) come to the partyiu(rO
19. It looks ( seems ) as if ...C U-1O
　　该句型中it无意义。 as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为，＂看起来好象．．．＂如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气． e
It looks as if he is ill.（真的病了）　 X'
It looks as if he were ill. （没有生病） +y
It seemed as if he were dying. #gP
20. We think it important to learn a foreign language.,rr
　　该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为"6123结构"。
　　6指主句中常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel；o5$<
　　1指的是形式宾语it； 　i(=
　　2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词；/
　　3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。 　-
We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. 　 $^X@{x
He felt it important learning English well. 　=G
They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.
句子的种类及用法
按照句子的用途，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。按照句子的结构，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：
1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；
2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；
3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；
4. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别
对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别复习。
一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法
1. 陈述句：
　　 陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。
　　Tom has a new car.
　　The flower isn’t beautiful.
2. 陈述句否定式的构成
　　(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not即可构成否定式。
    He is playing the guitar.（肯定）
He is not playing the guitar.（否定）
    We can get there before dark.（肯定）
     We can’t get thee before dark.（否定）
　　(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t。同时把该实义动词变为原形。
    He plays the violin well.（肯定）
    He doesn’t play the violin well.（否定）
    She won the game.（肯定）
    She didn’t win the game.（否定）
(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any。例如：
There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.
He has some books. →He has not any books.
(4) 除not以外，否定词no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可构成否定句。例如：
There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.
I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.
二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法
    祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。
1. 肯定的祈使句：
（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。
    Be quiet.
    You be quiet!
（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。
    Do come back at once!
    Do be careful.
（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。
    Open the window, please.
（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。
    Let Jack wait a minute.
    Let’s go to school.
（5）在祈使句中，Let’s和 Let us是有区别的。Let’s包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。
    Let’s go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议）
    Let us try again, will you?表示向别人发出请求）
2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如：
Don’t do that again!
Never leave today’s work for tomorrow!
Don’t be late next time!
三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法
1. 一般疑问句：
  （1）一般疑问句的肯定形式
    一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。
    Do you know Mr. Smith?
    Can you swim?
  （2）一般疑问句的否定结构
    ① 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-n’t，则须将-n’t与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。
Are you not a football fan?
Aren’t you a football fan?
Will she not like it?
Won’t she like it?
     ② 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。
    Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
    Won’t she like it?
  Yes, she will.
　 No, she won’t.
2. 特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：
Who is on duty today?
How long have you been in Beijing?
What time do you get up every morning?
What must I do now?
常用的特殊疑问句
询问内容
疑问词或句型
例    句
回   答
职业，身份
what
What is your father?
He is a doctor.
姓名或关系
who
Who is that boy?
He is Jack.
He is my brother
相貌特征
what…like?
What is she like?
What does she look like?
She is beautiful.
目的
what…for?
What did they come here for?
To attend a meeting.
原因
why
Why did they come here?
Because they have a meeting to attend.
天气
 how
 what…like?
How is the weather today?
What is the weather like today?
It’s fine.
颜色
what color…？
What dolor is her skirt?
It’s red.
服装尺寸
what size
What size does he wear?
He wars 40.
几点钟
what time
What time is it?
It’s 7:30.
星