初识定语从句.doc

初识定语从句 一、了解定语从句及相关术语1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，相当于形容词在句中作定语。2. 先行词：被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，which，who，whom，whose，as等；关系副词有where，when，why等。He is the man who I want to see. 他就是我想见的人。 先行词关系词定语从句二、掌握关系代词及其作用 最常用的关系代词是who, whom, whose, that，which和as。关系代词同时起了两个作用。它们可以像别的代词一样，可以代表一个名词，在定语从句中用作主语或宾语，同时，它们又起到了连词的作用，把主句和从句连接起来。1. who指人，在定语从句中一般做主语。如：Do you know the man who is speaking to your father? 你认识和你爸爸讲话的那个人吗？(定语从句修饰先行词the man，who在定语从句中作is speaking的主语）This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 这是昨天帮助我们的那个陌生人。She is the girl who works hard at maths. 她就是那个努力学习数学的女孩。2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可以省略。如：He is the man (whom) we just talked about. 他就是我们刚才谈论的那个人。The boy (whom) we met in the street yesterday is my classmate. 我们昨天在大街上遇到的那个男孩是我的同学。3. whose既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语修饰它后面的名词。如：This is the girl whose father is a policeman. 这就是那个爸爸是警察的女孩。They live in a house whose windows face south. 他们住在一座窗子朝南的房子里。4. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。如：Physics is a subject which is very difficult to learn. 物理是一门很难学的科目。（在定语从句中做主语，不能省略）Apples are the fruit (which) she likes best. 苹果是她最喜欢的水果。5. that既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。that在从句中作宾语时可省略。如：He is the man that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。We like programs that are very interesting. 我们喜欢有趣的节目。She is the woman （that） we saw in the bookshop. 她是我们在书店见到的那名妇女。5. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或者宾语。如： The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 来这个城市参观的人数每年增长一百万。Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 今天早晨我看见的那个人在哪里？三、掌握关系副词及其作用关系副词有when、where、why，他们在引导定语从句时，既在定语从句中充当状语，又起连接作用。1. When指时间，在定语从句中充当时间状语。如：I still remember the day when I first came to Dalian. 我仍然记得第一次来大连那天的情景。He told me the date when he joined the party. 他告诉了我他入党的时间。They stayed with me for three weeks when they drank all the wine I had.他们和我一起住了三个星期，在那三周里，把我所有的葡萄酒都喝光了。2. where指地点、在定语从句中充当地点状语。如：This is the house where we lived when we were young. 这就是我们小时候住的房子。This is the village where I grew up. 这就是我长大的那个村庄。Hangzhou is a city where there is a beautiful lake. 杭州是个有一个美丽的湖泊的城市。3. why指原因，在定语从句中充当原因状语。如：I know the reason why he was late for the meeting. 我知道他开会迟到的原因。Do you know the reason why he refused the invitation? 你知道他拒绝应邀的原因吗？That is the reason why Ive changed so much. 那就是我变化这么快的原因。四、学习定语从句应该注意的问题1. 关系代词和关系副词的选用如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词，不能就一律断定要用关系副词when或where，务必要看引导词在从句中作什么成分，如果作状语，用关系副词，如做主语或宾语要用关系代词。当reason做先行词时，也需注意其引导词在从句中作什么成分，不能断定一概用why来引导。如：Ill never forget the time when we worked together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起工作的时光。 （work是不及物动词，when在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词。）Ill never forget the time (which/that) we spent together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起渡过的时光。spend是及物动词，which/that在定语从句中作宾语，故用关系代词，也可以省略。）This is the factory where he worked before. 这是他以前工作过的工厂。（work是不及物动词，where在定语从句中作状语。）This is the factory which/that he visited before. 这是他以前参观过的工厂。（visit是及物动词，which/that在从句中作宾语，亦可省略。）The reason why I was absent yesterday was that I was ill. 我昨天缺席的原因是我生病了。定语从句中缺状语，表示原因，故用关系副词why）The reason that he explained for his being late was that he had missed the early bus.他所解释的迟到的原因是他误了头班汽车。（explain是及物动词，that在从句中作其宾语） 再看一个例题：（1）This is the factory _ I visited last year.（2）This is the factory _ I worked last year.（3）This is the factory _ produces all kinds of TV sets.A. where B. which C. whom D. whose以上三个句子只有细微的差别，但答案却不同：（1）和（3）选B. which。（2）选A. where。做这种题时，要看先行词与定语从句中谓语动词之间的关系；（1）中是动宾关系，即I visited the factory，因此选which。（2）中factory应在定语从句中作地点状语，即：I worked in the factory，因此选where。（3）中是作定语从句中的主语，不作地点状语，因此选which。2. 限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况1）当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? 你把李先生说的话都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. 在他看来世界上似乎没有不可能的是。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的事情都做了。2）当先行词被序数词修饰。如： The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方就是“大本钟”。 3）当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： I think the film Assembly is the best film that I have seen. 我认为电影集结号是我看过的最好的电影。 4）当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这就是我想买的那本辞典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 房子失火以后，那辆旧汽车就是他唯一的财产。5）当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那儿那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?哪件T恤适合我穿？6）当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时。如： Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?你还记得我们学到的那个科学家及他的理论吗？3. 区分定语从句和同位语从句1）定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系。如：The plane that has just taken off is for London. 刚起飞的飞机是去伦敦的。（定语从句）The fact that he has been dead is clear. 他已经死亡的事实是清楚的。（ 同位语从句）2）定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分。如： The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.我们现在面临的问题是怎样筹集那么多钱。 （定语从句） The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 怎样筹集钱的问题很难解决。（同位语从句）3）同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以。如：The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.地球绕着太阳转这一事实是众所周知的。（同位语从句）The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 这个事实就是地球绕着太阳转。3. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？4. that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。五、考点链接1. 考查that Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? A. where B. when C. that D. what (2005北京春)【解析】C。从句中visited 是及物动词，而且没有宾语，要用关系代词引导定语从句。2. 考查who，whom和whose1）Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont. A. who; 不填 B. 不填; who C. who; who D. 不填表; 不填（2006北京卷）【解析】C。第一空定语从句缺少主语，必须用who，不能省略；第二空也是关系代词作主语，不能省略。2）Look out! Dont get too close to the house_ roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. what （2006福建卷）【解析】A。从句中缺少的是roof的定语，在定语从句中关系代词作定语用whose，whose可以修饰人，也可以修饰物。3. 考查when，where和when1）Where did you get to know her? It was on the farm _ we worked. （2007 山东卷） A. that B. there C. which D. where 【解析】D。 work是不及物动词，不需要宾语，所以用where引导定语从句。2. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. A. where B. when C. which D. what (2006上海卷) 【解析】C。句中先行词“places”尽管表地点，但关系词在从句作主语，必须用关系代词。3. Anyway , that evening , _ I will tell you about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place . A. when B. where C. what D. which (2004浙江卷)【解析】D。此句是非限制性的定语从句,尽管that evening表时间，但在从句中作介词about的宾语，只能用关系代词which。4. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春季)A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained【解析】A。先行词the reason尽管表示“原因”，但在从句中作explained的宾语，这又是个限定性的定语从句，作宾语时可用that或which引导定语从句还可省略。巩固练习一、用适当的关系词填空：1. I still remember the night _I first came to the house.2. We are learning English, a language _ is used in many places in the world.3. I will never forget the days _I spent with your family.4. Tell me the reason _ the American lady left.5. Do you still remember the place_ we visited last week?6. Do you still remember the place_ we found the lost child?7. The house _ stands on the top of the hill was built last month.8. He is the only person _ saw the accident yesterday.9. Who is the student _was late for school today?10. He lives in the room_window faces to the south.11. The manager walked toward the gate _ the workers are waiting.12. Autumn is the time of a year_farmers get in their crops. 13. Allen is the girl _ I think will succeed in the test.14. Those are the shoes _ I lost last week.15. Her parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.二、用定语从句合并句子1. The man is in the next room. He brought our text books here yesterday. 2. The writing-brush is mine. He has taken it away. 3. Thats the child. We were looking at his drawing just now. 4. He didnt finish his homework. The reason is that he didnt feel well yesterday. 5. That was an unforgettable morning. Premier Zhou went to our school (at) that morning. 6. One morning an elephant was led down the road. Six blind men stood on the road begging. 三、请找出下列各句中的错误并加以改正。1. This is the factory where we visited last week.2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.4. The house in that we live is very small.5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.6. Ive read all the books which I borrowed from the library.7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.9. Everything which we saw was of great interest.10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.11. The reason which he didnt go to school is that he was ill.12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard.14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.15. Were going to visit the school where your brother works there.16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.17. That is the way which they work.18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.19. Who is the man who has white hairs?20. I will never forget the days which we had a goodtime together at the sea.四、汉译英1. 这就是上周丢失自行车的学生。2. 我有几个父母在南京工作的同学。3. 我们最喜欢的那个导演是Spielberg。4. 二十年前我们住的那幢楼已经被拆除了。5. 二十年前我们建的那幢楼已经不能用了。五、单项填空1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher. A. whom B. which C. who D. /3. The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary. A. that B. whose C. which D. as4. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. which C. who D. whom5. Is this factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. that C. which D. /6. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother tongue. A. which B. that C. / D. it7. The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police. A. which B. in which C. that D. all8. _ cleans the blackboard should be praised. A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who9. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday. A. which B. whom C. whose D. this10. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year. A. who B. whom C. which D. /11. This is the only article of these that _ written by him. A. was B. were C. is D. are12. The man _ was here just now is a doctor. A. whom B. who C. / D. he13. The boy _ has two lovely dogs. A. who live next door B. which lives next door C. whom lives next door D. that lives next door14. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands. A. which B. whom C. that D. who15. The farm _ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday. A. when B. where C. that D. at that16. He is the most careful boy _ I know. A. what B. which C. as D. / 17. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught. A. in that B. when C. where D. there18. Have you visited the house _ the famous scientist was born? A. where B. in that C. that D. which19. The woman_ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers. A. whose B. who C. whom D. which20. Please pass me the dictionary _cover is red.A. whose B. its C. which D. which of21. October 1,1949 is the day _ well never forget. A. when B. that C. where D. in which22. October 1,1949 was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded. A. which B. when C. where D. in which23. I still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening. A. what B. which C. that D. where24. The washing machine_ last Wednesday works well. A. I bought B.I bought it C. which I buy D. that I bought it 25. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _ were known to us all. A. which B. that C. who D. what一、1. when 2. that/which 3. that/which 4. why 5. that/which 6. where 7. that/which 8. who 9. that 10. whose 11. where 12. when 13. who 14. that/which 15. whose二、1. The man who brought our text books here yesterday is in the next room.2. The writing brush that he has taken away is mine.3. Thats the child whose drawing we were looking at just now.4. The reason why he didnt finish his homework is that he didnt feel well yesterday.5. That was an unforgettable morning when Premier Zhou went to our school.6. One morning an elephant was led down the road where six blind men stood begging.三、1. wherethat/which或去掉where。2. 把for放在looking之后。3. whowhom。4. thatwhich。5. thatwhich。6. whichthat或去掉which。7. whichthat或去掉which。8. whothat。9. whichthat或去掉which。10. thatwhich。11. whichwhy/which前加for或去掉which。12. wantswant。13. hiswhose。14. themwhom或both前加and。15. 去掉there。16. havehas。17. whichthat/which前加in或去掉which。18. Those后加who。19. 第二个whothat。20. whichwhen或which前加in。四、1. This is the student who lost his bike last week.2. I have some classmates whose parents are working in Nanjing.3. The director who /whom /that / (x) we like most is Spielberg.4. The building where we lived / in which we lived/ which we lived in 20 years ago has been pulled down.5. The building (that/ which) we built 20 years ago cant be used now. 五、 1-5 ACADA 6-10 BCCAD 11-15 ABDDB 16-20 DCABA 21-25 BBDAB小议“现在进行时表将来”一、意义：现在进行时除表示现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”、“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动，给人一种期待感。二、用法：1. 现在进行时态（be + v.-ing）表示最近按计划、安排即将发生的动作，句中常有一个表将来时的时间状语，常用于动作动词或去向动词(不适于状态动词)。如：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，stay，meet，get，see off等。如：Im meeting Peter tonight. Hes taking me to the theatre.今天晚上我要跟彼得见面，他要带我去看戏。 How are you getting to the airport? Is anybody seeing you off? 你怎么去机场？有人送你吗？2. 表示没有具体安排好细节的决定或计划。如：Im not waiting for her any longer. 我不再等她了。When I grow up, Im joining the army. 我长大了要参军。What are you doing for vacation? 你假期准备做什么？Im visiting my friend in Hong Kong. 我准备去香港看朋友。3. 用在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作，强调动作的持续性。如：If I am still sleeping when he c