享受阅读提升能力.doc

享受阅读，提升能力
----高一学生开发英语报刊资源进行阅读教学的探讨

【摘要】在高一学生中广泛开展报刊阅读是一种加大信息输入、培养阅读技巧、增加语言积累、养成阅读习惯的有效手段。本文结合教学实践, 从报刊材料的选择和使用这一角度出发，加强阅读的过程指导和阅读后的反馈评价，注重学生报刊阅读的习惯养成，使高一学生在享受阅读的构成中不自觉的提升能力。
【关键词】高一报刊阅读; 选材和使用；阅读技巧和习惯

一、课题的缘起
（一）新课程理念的要求
《英语课程标准》明确指出：“英语课程要求合理利用和积极开发课程资源，给学生提供贴近实际，贴近生活，贴近时代的内容健康和丰富的课程资源” 高中英语新课程标准中学生课外阅读的相关要求为能主动利用多种教育资源进行学习。能读懂供高中学生阅读的英文原著简写本及英语报刊。能在教师的指导下，主动参与计划、组织和实施语言实践活动。有较强的自信心和自主学习能力。能主动开拓学习渠道，丰富学习资源。能关注时事，具有较强的世界意识。了解交际中的文化内涵和背景，对异国文化能采取尊重和包容的态度。初步形成跨文化交际意识。着重培养学生理解与表达的能力,用英语获取信息，处理信息的能力, 用英语分析问题,解决问题的能力,批判性思维能力, 以及强调用英语思维,用英语做事的能力。
新课程标准中对高中生的阅读能力要求如下：
语言技能六级目标　1、能从一般文字资料中获取主要信息和观点；2、能利用上下文和句子结构猜测词义； 3、 能根据上下文线索推理、预测故事情节的发展；4、能根据阅读目的确定不同的阅读策略；5、能通过不同信息渠道查找所需信息；6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到20万词以上。
语言技能七级目标1、能从文章中获取主要信息并能摘录要点； 2、能理解文章主旨、作者意图； 3、能提取、筛选和重新组织简单文章中的信息；4、能利用上下文的线索帮助理解；5、能理解和欣赏一些浅显的经典英语诗歌；6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到30万词以上。
语言技能八级目标　1、能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度；2、能识别不同文体的特征； 3、能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句； 4、能在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的文学作品； 5、能根据学习任务的需要从电子读物或网络中获取信息并进行加工处理；6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到36万词以上。　
语言技能九级目标1、能阅读一般的英文报刊杂志，获取主要信息；2、阅读一般英文原著，抓住主要情节，了解主要人物；3、能读懂各种商品的说明书等非专业技术性的资料； 4、能根据情景及上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象；5、能使用多种参考资料和工具书解决较复杂的语言疑难； 6、有广泛的阅读兴趣及良好的阅读习惯； 7、能有效地利用网络等媒体获取和处理信息。
报刊英语在内容上能紧跟社会发展、贴近日常生活，形式上精炼、明了、生动，是训练阅读能力的优良资源。我们认为在中学英语教学中，增加富有时代气息的真实报刊英语材料作为课程资源的补充，科学指导组织学生进行阅读，英语报刊阅读辅助教学模式的探讨可激发学生的阅读兴趣，巩固课文中所学的语言知识的同时扩大学生的词汇量，培养阅读的技巧和方法，开阔学生视野，帮助学生了解更多的使用英语的国家的文化背景知识，从而有效提高中学生的阅读能力及其它语言综合运用能力，并使学生在潜移默化中形成健全的人格。这也符合当今“信息爆炸”时代的社会实际需要。
（二）、学生在阅读中存在的主要问题
1.阅读材料不够丰富，课外阅读量少：课本作为中学生学习英语的基本工具，是学生们学习英语的基本载体。通过对课本的学习，学生可以了解一些英语的语言现象和语言知识。但从内容方面讲，所选课文的材料过于单一，阅读材料过于大众化，没有学生所想获得的语言信息。所以学生很难对语言本身以及语言现象有过多的兴趣，语言作为载体的功能也就被弱化了。学生难以达到大量输入语言信息的目的，难以及时掌握适应生活发展需求的新词汇和语法现象。学生缺乏一定的背景知识，无法根据已知的知识通过阅读建构正确的理解。
2.文体感知能力弱，阅读技能薄弱：有的学生在读完后还不能识别文章属于哪种体裁，更谈不上根据不同的文体采用不同的阅读方法。一头扎进单词堆里，关注文章的各个细枝末节未能从文章整个篇章去进行处理；没有形成一套从skimming再到scanning的阅读思维顺序。
3.词汇量不足，阅读词汇处理技巧缺乏：学生最直观最显性的阅读障碍是很多单词不认识。确实高考新考纲的最大变化就是词汇量大了。学生掌握考纲核心词汇时对词性转换，词形变化等没有注意观察积累。碰到阅读生词时就会停止阅读，进行不必要的逗留，不能从context做合理猜测，影响了阅读速度。
4.阅读心理和阅读习惯：被动阅读居多，不能积极主动去广泛阅读。在词汇，速度或最直观的阅读理解题目上受挫后不能坚持阅读，积极反思改进。学生把阅读当成一种枯燥乏味的为提高考试成绩的应试训练，有相当一部分同学甚至连课文阅读的习惯也没有，更谈不上去主动坚持长期阅读。部分后进生不敢奢望有美好结果，没有努力的动力。
2009年，语篇篇幅加长阅读难度增大。直接对学生的阅读速度提出了更高的要求，从原来的60wpm到现在至少70wpm。而我们的学生阅读速度跟不上，从09二检的情况看，学生阅读得分率不高，大部分同学的原因是时间上来不及，任务型阅读根本就没有时间做，这一问题也出现在高三平时的课堂限时阅读训练中。教师觉得只有限制学生的阅读时间才能起到训练目的，而学生在规定时间里根本就完成不了，结果老师不高兴了，学生也觉得很委屈。归根结底，阅读能力的提升不是靠几次限时训练就能训练的出来的，也不是高三一年能完全扭转的。
英语阅读能力的提高不是高三一年能解决的问题，而是一个需要始终贯穿与高中三年，进行大量阅读，积累的一个任重道远的从量变到质变的过程。教师尤其要在高一一开始就要对学生进行高中三年英语学习总的方向的指导，使学生明确大量阅读是扩大知识文化背景、感悟文体，积累词汇量、提升写作档次的一条捷径，在获得学生对这一理念的认同之后，学生从心理上会主动去阅读。再以一个师长的身份给予学生一个美妙的诺言，即只要你现在从高一一开始就开始坚持阅读到高三，无论你以前的基础如何，最终都会有很大的收获，那学生就会更有动力了。
(三)课题研究的意义
新课程教学理念强调教学材料的真实性，强调培养学生的自学能力和创造能力。教师开发报刊阅读中丰富阅读材料可以帮助学生：
1. 运用报刊阅读，扩大词汇容量
阅读理解的一个难点是词汇量的缺乏。但词汇量不是整天泡在单词堆里就可以提高的。其实阅读是扩大和巩固词汇容量的最好方法：可以利用“词不离句”“句不离文”的方法在阅读中积累词汇，并鼓励学生把这些新单词积累到单词本子上，放在身边，利用零散时间反复记忆，加强印象。在阅读过程中巩固记忆了旧单词，同时学习了新单词。这样滚雪球似的向前发展，不知不觉中词汇量就扩大了，成为语篇分析理解能力加强的基础。正如有些同学所说，原来拼命背单词过眼就忘，而现在没有刻意去背，反而记牢了，也会用了。这种做法正符合了在篇章中学单词，在用中学单词的学习原则。
2. 进行大量阅读，培养阅读技巧
以报刊为基础的活动和任务可以给学生提供具有实际意义的有价值的语言训练，促进学生阅读技能的发展；近几年的阅读理解试题增加了阅读量，提高了对阅读速度的要求，并加大了阅读材料的文字难度，对词汇理解的要求有所提高。正可谓阅读技能的三要素：速度、理解、词汇在试题中得到了充分体现。一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句及插入语等语言现象也随处可见。结合高中学生已有一定词汇量的前提，进行大量阅读，培养阅读技巧，进行侧重于获取信息的泛读将是提高阅读理解的有效途径。而报刊提供了丰富鲜活的泛读材料。
3．接触西方文化，了解风土人情
了解英语国家的文化是英语教学的目的之一，能使学生尽可能多地从不同渠道，以不同形式接触、学习和使用好英语。报刊的时效性、新颖性让我们时刻感受到世界最新政治、经济和文化动态，为英语学习者开辟了一个了解各国社会文化的窗口。背景知识、风土人情、文化习俗是提高英语阅读效率的非语言制约因素。这是单纯的课本知识远远无法满足的。
4.激发阅读兴趣，促进习惯养成
报刊广泛的题材可以满足学生多样化的阅读需求和兴趣爱好，因而可以较大程度地激发和调动学生的读报兴趣; 克服畏难情绪和阅读心理障碍，报刊教学可以帮助学生树立信心，刺激和鼓动学生主动地进行课后报刊阅读，促进终身学习。
二、研究假说和理论依据
Krashen 的“输入假设”（Input Hypothesis）理论认为：可理解性输入(comprehensive input)是语言习得的必要条件和关键。学习者所接触的语言材料的语法结构应略高于学习者的现有水平。如果现有水平是i ，语言材料就应是 i+1 。i+1不需要精心的安排，只要是成功的交际，只要语法材料是“可理解性的”， 并有足够的量，自然是i+1。如前面所述，英语报刊用于阅读教学，它不仅可以大量系统的给学习者提供可接受性的可理解性输入的语言材料，而且报刊本身所具有的富于知识性和趣味性的特点，可以培养学生的兴趣和阅读的动机。反过来又能促进学生接触和吸收输入的数量。
功能教学法认为根据学生表达、交流什么观念思想，就选学能够负载那些观念、思想的言语形式和语言规则；即按学生需要取材，由内容决定形式。通过根据学生的实际水平选择合适的课外阅读资料将有助于学生提高阅读效率。
古德曼心理语言学观点认为“阅读是一个在阅读者预测的基础上进行选择的过程。其中部分是利用从感知输入中选出的最少量的语言提示。在处理这部分信息过程中，提出的初步论断随着阅读的进展而被证实、否定或改进。”利用报刊阅读资源不仅能使学生在阅读中巩固课文中所学的语言知识，而且可以帮助学生启迪智慧、陶冶情操。
三、课题的实施
（一）报刊阅读材料的选择
阅读英语应当轻松愉快，也可以轻松愉快。但是一说到阅读，很多学生都觉得很苦，常常是不得已而为之。这就大错特错了。如果阅读就像是喝中药，需要捏着鼻子硬灌下去。效果自然也不会好。要使学生享受阅读，阅读材料的选择是关键。
1选择丰富材料，激发阅读兴趣
在报刊阅读的起步阶段, 兴趣是至关重要的一步。良好的阅读习惯能够在兴趣的激发中培养出来。从学生的阅读兴趣出发, 我们可以着重选择一些涉及时事性的新闻报道, 以及一些与学生生活密切相关的主题明确、较有趣味性的话题, 或者选择篇幅较为短小的文章。它们可读性很强，让人立即产生阅读的欲望，一旦上手，就放不下来了，不会感到学英语是沉重的负担了。而且它们容易读，不大会产生阅读障碍，又能有助于扩大知识面，提高文化素养。能够培养学生的学习兴趣，激发他们学习的积极性。兼顾知识性和趣味性，广泛开拓题材范围，题材多样，内容丰富且具时代特色，吸引学生。合自己的实际知识水平，难度与课文相当，内容尽可能与课文相联系，使学生读得轻松快乐，增强了他们阅读的信心，并且使学生学习的兴趣性和主动性都有了明显的提高。, 叙述、描写、说明、议论、应用、散文等各类文体也都可以综合考虑，多样的体裁能使学生接触不同风格的英语。社会热点、国家大事、现代中学生所关注的一切事件，诸如奥运会、世界杯、篮球锦标赛、体育娱乐明星、非典、禽流感、沙尘暴、海啸、艾滋病保护日等等一系列问题都可以纳入选材范围。还应注重材料的文化性，积极培养学生的跨文化意识和对中西方文化、习惯、观念差异理解的能力，以及对异国文化采取尊重、包容并辩证看待的情感态度。这也是新课标“发展能力、关注情感、提高素养”的理念的具体要求实现。
【报刊选材1】Dolphin Pirncess— Jane Zhang
---有着“海豚公主”之称的中国歌手张靓颖作为亚洲选秀明星的代表，现身美国芝加哥，与名嘴奥普拉 • 温弗瑞面对面讲述自己对音乐的喜爱。其间，张靓颖不仅用流利的英文全程与奥普拉谈心，还加唱了一首海豚音成名作Loving you。
Jane Zhang, also known as Zhang Liangying, is a Chinese pop singer. She just made her American television singing debut (初次登场) on The Oprah Winfrey Show on May 11, 2009. She performed very well on the program. Do you like her?
Jane Zhang was born in 1984 in Chengdu, Sichuan. Her father was an engine attendant in Chengdu, and her mother was a shop assistant. During her childhood, she often performed at her parents’ workplace. However, her parents divorced (离婚) when she was 13. And two years later, Zhang’s father died. This made her work outside the school. She started to sing at a local public house.
While performing at the pub, Zhang developed a taste for American country singers and Western pop singers, such as Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera. Because she was unable to afford her own music players, Zhang often borrowed walkmans and headphones from her classmates.
After graduating from college, she studied at Sichuan University and her major was English. But she dropped out soon to compete in the 2005 Super Girl competition and got the third place in the final competition. After the competition, Jane Zhang has released (发行) several albums and most of her songs have become very popular.
Zhang plans to visit her hometown, Chengdu and perform a live concert there. In Chengdu, she will release her second EP, entitled Dear Jane EP.
学生对选秀明星非常感兴趣，愿意读，读后会主动去上网查阅。甚至有学生对Oprah Winfrey也产生了兴趣。
教师可以鼓励学生根据自己的兴趣和爱好，选择不同的版面，按照兴趣分小组进行阅读。大家可在组内讨论、交流所阅读的内容，也可利用网络资源、图书馆和阅览室等多种途径，查询阅读内容所涉及的背景、文化、人物等有关信息。
2重点精心选材，训练文体感知
教师应教会学生针对不同体裁的文章采用相应的阅读方法，如阅读叙述文时，要注意时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果等；阅读应用文、说明文及科普短文时，应注意找到文章段落的主题句、文章的层次、逻辑关系等；阅读议论文则注意作者的观点、文章的论据和论点等。
   人物传记类
这类文章是介绍一些伟大人物的生平事迹，所以贯穿全文主线的是年代或时间。因此学生只要按时间这这条主线去阅读，就可以获得有关人物的重要信息。如果学生知道把贯穿全文的重要时间列出来，很快就可以掌握全文的主要内容。
【报刊选材2】Alfred Nobel— the man behind the Nobel Prize
内容简介： ----你也许对诺贝尔奖耳熟能详，但是你它背后的故事吗？Alfred Nobel又是谁呢？和它有什么关系呢？
Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the world for great achievements (成就) in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and world peace. The prize was founded in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will (遗嘱), leaving much of his wealth to the establishment (成立) of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel?
Alfred Nobel was born on October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden. His father was an inventor. In 1842, Nobel’s family moved to Russia where his father had opened an engineering factory. In 1850, Nobel’s father sent him abroad to study chemical engineering. During a two-year period, Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. He returned to Sweden in 1863 with his father after the family factory went bankrupt (破产).
Back in Sweden, Nobel devoted himself to the study of explosives (炸药). In 1867, he patented (取得……的专利权) his invention under the name of “dynamite”. In the 1870s and 1880s, Nobel built up factories all over Europe to produce explosives. In 1894, he bought an iron factory at Bofors in Sweden that became the centre of the well-known Bofors arms factory. Although he lived in Paris, Nobel traveled widely. He continued to work in his lab and by the time of his death, he had 355 patents.Nobel died at his home in Italy on December 10, 1896. He is buried in Stockholm.
可设计下面两个有梯度的练习，帮助学生阅读故事类文章。
训练题一：
Time
Events
October 21, 1833

1842

1850

During a two-year period

1863

1867

In the 1870s and 1880s

1894

on December 10, 1896

列出时间就等于向学生指明了他们的阅读方向和目标。接着，让学生开始5分钟左右的课文精读，写出相应时间发生的主要事件。在完成后，他们就和自己的搭挡 (partner) 进行2—3分钟的结果对比讨论。最后，我再进行核对。
训练题二：
①Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm ②Nobel’s family moved to Russia ③ Nobel’s father sent him abroad to study chemical engineering. ④Nobel visited Sweden, Germany, France and the United States. ⑤ He returned to Sweden ⑥ he patented (取得……的专利权) his invention under the name of “dynamite” ⑦Nobel built up factories all over Europe to produce explosives. ⑧he bought an iron factory at Bofors ⑨ Nobel died and buried in Stockholm.在设计考查学生获取文章信息能力的题目上，可以把文章中的这9个关键句或增加难度截取其中几个重点事实编写成无次序的文段，然后让学生根据文章中事件发展的先后时间顺序重新排列，学生正确排序的过程就是凭借储存在头脑里已有的知识进行形象思维和抽象思维有机结合的过程。当学生对文章的梗概有所了解、对中心人物与背景有一定的印象、对文章有了一定量的信息输入之后，给学生创造情境，让学生将所学的知识真实地运用到情境交际中，达到巩固知识与信息输出的目的。
故事类
故事类的文章重在情节。学生只要掌握了 who, what , when , where, why , how这几个问题，就很容易理顺全文，把握全文的大意。因此在教学中，我一般都是按照记叙文所包含的这6要素去设计问题。我向学生提出了一个问题：“What do you think are included in a story?”基于母语迁移的记叙文基础知识，学生们都能回答出6要素:Time,Place,Characters,Beginning,Process,and Ending。
【报刊选材3】Learn something from the blacksmith
内容简介：----史密斯先生的儿子喜欢看铁匠琼斯工作，常常一看就是几个小时。在琼斯的鼓励下，他自己也学会了做鞋钉。他没想到这门手艺使他受益无穷。
The hardworking blacksmith (铁匠) Jones used to work all day in his shop and the son of Mr. Smith, a rich neighbor, used to come to see the blacksmith every day and for hours and hours he would enjoy himself watching how Jones worked.
“Young man, why don’t you try your hand to learn to make shoe tacks (鞋钉), even if it is only to kill the time?” said the blacksmith. “One day, it may be of use to you.”
The lazy boy began to see what he could do. But after a little practice he found that he was becoming very skilled and soon he was making some of the finest tacks
Old Mr. Smith died and the son lost all his goods because of the war. He had to leave home and was forced to live in another country. It happened that in this village there were many shoemakers spending a lot of money buying tacks for their shoes and sometimes even when they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted, because in that part of the country there was a great need of tacks for soldiers’ shoes.
Young Mr. Smith, who was finding it difficult to earn his daily bread, remembered that once he had learned the art of making tacks and had the sudden idea of making a bargain with the shoemakers. He told them that he would make the tacks if they would help to get him settled in his workshop. The shoemakers were only too glad of the offer. And after a while, Mr. Smith found that he was soon making the finest tacks in the village.
“How funny it seems,” he used to say, “Even making tacks can bring me a fortune (财富) . My skill is more useful to me than all my former (先前的) riches.”
Tasks:分组讨论完成以下表格填写。
Contents of the passage
Answers
Time

Place

Characters

Beginning

Process

Ending

说明文：说明文重事物的特征和本质。
【报刊选材4】The eco-fridge
British student Emily Cummins’ refrigerator uses no high-tech parts to produce a cooling effect. Instead, it uses a cooling system based entirely on the sun’s heat and some water. It’s an ideal setup for poverty-stricken villagers with no electricity and no money. It is already being used in South Africa and Namibia.
The fridge is brilliantly simple. It’s made of two cylinders, one inside the other. The outer cylinder can be made of almost anything on hand — cardboard, wood or plastic, typically, with holes in it to allow the greatest possible sun access. The inner cylinder is metal. The space in between the inner and outer cylinders is filled with organic material like wool, sand or dirt.
The cooling system works like this: You place food or medicine inside the inner metal cylinder and close it up. You then pour fresh water into the area between the cylinders, wetting the material, and place the whole equipment in the sun. As the sun warms the outer cylinder and heats up the wet material, the water evaporates. Just like in a traditional fridge, evaporation removes heat. The material is touching the inner cylinder, so this heat transfer pulls heat from the inner cylinder holding the food. The result is a very cold inner chamber.
This system has no battery backup, so it relies on a good supply of sunlight. Countries like Namibia, with an average of perhaps 10 hours of sunlight a day in some areas, are ideal candidates for this solar-powered invention. So long as the water is ensured, the cooling continues. The refrigerator can stay at 6°C for several days. The low-tech eco-fridge relies entirely on nature to keep things cool
让学生们分组讨论compare the eco-fridge and traditional fridge.最后，让小组代表上台板书小组答案，再进行点评。引导学生注意下划线词句对理清文脉的作用。
新闻类报导特别强调时间性、准确性，因此要搞清时间、地点和数字。
【报刊选材5】U.S. Gulf of Mexico oil spill
Task: Read the following passage about oil spills and match the headings from A-D with each paragraph
A. How do people clean up the oil spills?
B. How do so many oil spills happen?
C. How do oil spills influence wildlife?
D. How fast does oil in a spill spread？
The explosion and sinking of an oil rig1 in the middle of the Gulf of Mexico on April, 20, 2010 has created a serious environmental disaster, though experts are not sure how bad it might be.
1. 　 　　　　　　　 There are a few ways an oil spill can happen. Equipment breaking down may cause an oil spill. Natural disasters may cause an oil spill, too. Oil spills can also happen naturally: Oil is released into the ocean from natural oil seeps2 on the seafloor.
2. 　 　　　　　　　 Oil can spread very rapidly. The lighter the oil is, the faster it can spread — so gas would spread faster than thick, black oil, such as the crude oil. But even heavy oil can spread quickly in a major spill.
3. 　 　　　　　　　 There are many ways to stop the spread of oil in the ocean. Workers can place a boom (a large floating barrier that can round up and lift the oil out of the water) around the spot that is spilling oil. The boom will absorb all the oil that flows around it. An airplane can fly over the water dropping chemicals into the ocean. The chemicals can break down the oil in the ocean. The method they use to clean the beaches or oceans depends on many things. They have to check the weather, the type and the amount of oil spilled.
4. 　 　　　　　　　 Birds may die from oil spills if their feathers are covered in oil. The bird will then be poisoned because it will try to clean itself. Animals may die because they get hypothermia3, causing their body temperature to be really low. They may die from really low body temperature. Oil may also cause the death of an animal by entering the