备战中考丨第二十六讲书面表达.doc

备战中考丨第二十六讲—书面表达
英语写作是中考英语试卷中的最后一道题。每年的作文命题内容都是紧扣“新课程标准”和“考试大纲”，注重基本知识和英语技能的考查，同时也注意了试题题干情境化和生活化设计，在考查学生所学知识的同时，更注重考查了学生的综合运用英语语言的能力。
考纲解读
课标中的五级语言技能为：
(1)能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材
(2)能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进行修改
(3)能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系
(4)能简单描述人物或事物
(5)能根据图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明
写的技能考察学生以书面形式表达真实意义或信息传递的能力。学生能够运用所学语言知识、较为恰当地对所熟悉的周围的人或物进行简单描述，就所熟悉的话题发表自己的意见和观点等。能根据文字、图片、图表等信息提示，按要求写出意思连贯、语言通顺、符合逻辑的书面表达。
评分标准
在中考评分时，先跟据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。有些地区分四档，有些地区分五档，其实区别不大。以一份四档评分标准为例。
第一档：（15~13分）
完全符合题目要求，观点正确,要点齐全。句式多样，词汇丰富。语言准确，语意连贯，表达清楚，具有逻辑性。  
第二档：（12~9分）
基本符合题目要求，观点正确，要点齐全。语法结构和词汇基本满足文章需要。语言基本通顺，语意基本连贯，表达基本清楚。虽然有少量语言错误，但不影响整体理解。
第三档：（8~5分）  
部分内容符合题目要求，要点不齐全。语法结构和词汇错误较多，语言不通顺，表达不够清楚，影响整体理解。
第四档：（4~0分）  
与题目有关内容不多，只是简单拼凑词语，所写内容难以理解。

1、对比发现，在“符合题目要求，观点正确，要点齐全”方面，一档要求“完全”，二档就要求“基本”。要达到一档文的要求，学生就要做到审题要准，要点齐全；还要做到文章积极向上，不可出现反动或消极言论。
2、第一档中"句式多样，词汇丰富"与第二档的"语法结构和词汇基本满足文章需要"不同，一类文要求更多的句式和词汇，应避免句式的单一和词汇的重复。
3、一档文中要求"语言准确"，所谓的"准确"，就是用正确合适的词语表达想要表达的思想。需要学生有非常好的基础功底才能达到。
4、第一档与第二档的差别还在于"逻辑性"，意味着在句式、词汇都相当的基础上，避免杂乱无章，逻辑性强的文章得高分。

总之书面表达题主要考察学生审题是否准确，中心是否突出，逻辑思维是否严谨，句与句之间、段与段之间是否紧凑连贯，单词是否拼写正确，用词是否得当，句子是否符合语法规范等语言表达能力。
导图梳理

认真审题
五审：
1) 审题目、图画、图表或提纲等
2) 审体裁、人物、情节、时态、时间、地点等
3) 审写作内容是写人、叙事、介绍、评论、书信、日记还是通知等
4) 审格式，日记，要注意年、月、日和天气情况；书信，要注意书信的格式
5)审字数，不要低于规定的字数，也不要超过规定的字数太多

拟定提纲
三定
1) 根据写作内容设定段落
2) 使用主要句型、关键词拟定并列出要点
3) 定好时态

短文写作
提分技巧：
1.避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的简单句。可以适当使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句，复合句以避免重复和呆板。（附录1）
2.描写要生动具体，可以使用近义词或不同的构词法体现丰富的的词汇。例如：表达好不要只用good，可以使用nice, great; 坏也不要只用bad, 可以使用terrible, awful.（附录2）
3. 上下文连贯，要有逻辑性。同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序（时间或空间），使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯流畅。（附录3）
4.不会表达，另辟蹊径
中考作文如遇到个别要点表达不出来或难以表达，可采用变通的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总之，所造句子要正确、得体、符合英语表达习惯。
1) 迂回而行
当某些词义不会表达时，可以想一个相似意义的词或短语。这样可有异曲同工之妙。
2) 小词大用
汉语中有些语意看来很复杂，但在英语中可用一些常用词表达。
5. 书写工整，卷面整洁
字迹要清晰，让阅卷人看得清楚，不可字迹潦草，难以辨认，要保持卷面的整洁。
勿忘检查
中考作文时，由于时间紧、内容多，同学们出错在所难免。因此，改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分，根据错误多少来扣分。因此，中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：
(1) 名词单复数，动词和形容词词形变化是否有错。
(2) 大小写，拼写有无错误。
(3) 词组搭配是否符合习惯。
(4) 主谓是否一致，时态、语态是否错误。
(5) 标点错误。
(6) 代词介词、冠词是否用错。
7) 句子少不少词，多不多词，是否用重复表达的意思

附录1：写作题目预测及适用句子
环保
1. It's our duty to protect the environment.
2. We should not litter or throw trash around.
3. We should not spit in a public place.
4. We can pick up rubbish and throw it into a dustbin.
5. Trees are very helpful and important for the environment.
6. We should plant more trees.
7. We could use bamboo chopsticks instead of wooden ones.
8. As we know, water is very important to man and animals.
9. We can’t live without water.   
10. Many rivers and lakes have been seriously polluted.
11. Something must be done to stop the pollution.  
12. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment， the world will become much more beautiful. 
旅游
1. Last Sunday（Saturday,..),it was sunny（rainy,windy,foggy,）
2. I got up very early（late).After breakfast I went to...with my friends by bike,bus,...
3. Last summer,I went to Beijing for vacation.
4. I visited a lot of places of interest.
5. I saw many things and many people there.
6. We enjoyed ourselves.
7. We all felt very tired,but we were happy.
8. I had a good time there.
9.I bought a lot of things for my friends. 
人物与兴趣
1. He was born in London in 1982.
2. He is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos.
3. He is of medium build with short hair.
4. He is 20 years old.
5. He comes from England.  
6. He is outgoing. Every one likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us.    
7. He likes football and he loves watching football games after work.
8. He often plays football with friends on weekends.  
9.He wants to be a football player.
健康
1. It is very important to keep healthy.
2. We can't study or work well without healthy body.
3. How can we keep healthy？
4. We can't go to sleep too late. We can't get up too late.
5. We should eat healthy food.
6. We should eat more vegetables and fruit.
7. We should do more exercise.
8. We should eat less junk food.
9. If there is something wrong with our body, we should go to a doctor.
10. We should have a good eating habit.
11. We should try to keep happy and live a happy life

学科与学习
1. My favorite subject is English.
2. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.
3. It is used by travelers and businessmen all over the world.
4. So English is very important and I like English very much.
5. We have a lot of fun in the English class.
6. Our English teacher often makes us happy in English class.
7. I hope I can go abroad one day，and then I can speak to foreigners in English.
8. I like English and I will try my best to learn it well.
9. We could talk with others in English.
10. We could listen to English tapes and watch English programs.
11. we could often read English books.
12. we should practice our writing skills.
安全
1. We should keep safety in mind.
2. We need to eat healthily and safely.
3. We can’t play with fire at home.
4. We shouldn’t play on streets.
5. We shouldn’t cross the street until the traffic lights turn green
6. We mustn’t swim in the river or in the lake, it’s dangerous.
7. We should be careful of strangers.
8. When we are in danger ,we must call the police.
9. We should be careful when we make net friends
10. When we meet a net friend, we should go with our parents.
电脑/网络/手机
1. The computer/ The Internet / The mobile phone is becoming more and more popular and important.
2. Every coin has two sides.
3. We should make good use of it.    
4. We can do lots of things with it   
5. It makes our life easier and more colorful.
6. We can learn a lot of things on it.
7. We can communicate with others easily on it.
8. It’s convenient to shop online.
9. It’s great fun to surf the Internet /to play games on it.
10. There are some bad things on the Internet.
11. It maybe get in the way of our study.   
12. It’s a waste of time to…
13. We can’t concentrate on our study.
感恩老师与父母
1. I want to say thanks to …
2. You are friendly to us and you get on well with us.
3. You make your classes lively and interesting. 
4. You are strict with me in my study and help me with my schoolwork.
5. You helped me out when I’m in trouble.
6. You teach me how to be a good man.
7. You work hard so that I can receive a better education and live a better life.
8. When I failed an exam, you encouraged me to be confident and keep trying.
9. You have given me so much, not only in my study but also in my life.
10. Thank you for your deep love.
11. Thank you for all that you have done for me.
梦想与愿望
1. Everyone has his dream.
2. I want to be a …when I grow up.
3. I can achieve my dream by doing…
4. It's also important to learn from successful people .
5. I will work hard to make my dream come true.
6. I will hold on to my dream until it comes true one day.
7. I made a decision to do.
8. I have made up my mind to …
9. I am sure that my dream will come true.

附录2：生动具体的描述词

1) 外表特征：tall, short, fat, thin, strong, weak, 等。
2) 服饰颜色：red, yellow, blue, white, green, brown, black 等。
3) 内心境界：glad, happy, sad, excited, anxious, interested, unhappy 等。
4) 感情描写：love, like, hate,  laugh, cry, smile, shout 等。
5) 动作描写：come, go, get, have, take, bring, carry 等。
6) 数量描写：many, much, few, little, seldom, a lot of, lots of, more than, over, less ,a  number of, plenty of, a couple of ,a pair of, all kinds of等。
7) 好坏描写： good, great, nice, wonderful, OK, not bad, amazing; bad, terrible, awful,  

附录3：过渡词
1) 表示并列关系的过渡词：and, as well as, or …
2) 表示转折关系的过渡词：but, yet, however …
3) 表示时间关系的过渡词：first, second, third, and then, finally, after, before, at last, at that time, later, in the past,  when, while, then …
4) 表示空间关系的过渡词：near (to), far (from), in (the) front of, beside, behind, beyond, above, below, on the right, on the left, on one side, on the other side of, outside …
5) 表示比较关系的过渡词：in the same way, just like, just as …
6) 表示对照关系的过渡词：but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, in spite of, even though …
7) 表示递进关系的过渡词： also, and, then, too, in addition, moreover, again …
8) 表示因果关系的过渡词：because, since, then, thus, otherwise, so, therefore ,as a result…
9) 表示解释说明的过渡词：for example, in fact, in this case, for, actually …
10) 表示强调的过渡词：in fact, indeed, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, most important …
11) 表示目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to, …
12) 表示列举的过渡词：for example , such as …
13) 表示总结性的过渡词： finally, at last, in brief, in a word, in general, in all, generally speaking …

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