信度和效度（英文）.pdf

AbstractEnglish achievement test is a very important part in English learning process,it has its necessity.It is an important method to test students5 English proficiency,and has an important position in English teaching.Reliability and validity are two important bases for evaluating English test,so it is particularly important to ensure the reliability and validity of the English achievement test.This paper analyzes the concepts and the classifications of the English achievement test,the reliability and validity of test.And the paper mainly introduces how to ensure the reliability and validity in English achievement test specifically.The key to improve the quality assurance of English achievement test is to grasp a good relationship between the reliability and validity.As an important part of English teaching,English achievement test can not only help teachers to improve teaching methods and to promote the quality of English teaching,but also to understand students5 English learning situations so as to help students solve problems.English achievement test should follow the principle of consistency in reliability and validity.To deal with the relationship between the reliability and validity will maximize the effect of English achievement test,and promote the development of English teaching more effectively.Key words:English Achievement Test;Reliability;Validity白城师范学院本科毕业论文摘要英语成绩测试是英语学习过程中一个非常重要的环节，有它的必要性。它是检测学 生英语运用能力的重要手段，在英语教学中处于重要地位。信度和效度是评价英语测试 的两个重要依据，因此确保英语成绩测试的信度与效度尤为重要。本文对英语成绩测试、测试信度和效度概念和分类进行分析，重点阐述了在英语成绩测试中如何确保信度和效 度。如何提高英语成绩测试的质量，关键是把握好信度与效度之间的关系。英语成绩测 试作为英语教学中重要的一部分，它既可以帮助教师不断地完善教学方法，提升英语教 学的质量，又可以了解学生的英语学习情况从而帮助学生解决问题。英语成绩测试应遵 循信度和效度相统一的原则。处理好信度和效度的关系会使英语成绩测试的效果最大化,更有效的推动英语教学的发展。关键词：英语成绩测试；信度；效度-II-ContentsAbstract.I摘要.III Introduction.1II Enalish Achievement Test.22.1 The Concept of English Achievement Test.22.2 The Purpose of English Achievement Test.22.3 The Class计icatiors of English Achievement Tst.22.3.1 Objective fest.22.3.2 Subjective Test.3HI Reliability.43.1 The Concept of ReliabiMv.43.2 The Characteristics of Reliability.43.3 The Classifications of Reliabihtv.43.3.1 Examiner Reliability.53.3.2 Retest Reliability.53.3.3 Parallel Reliability.53.3.4 Internal Consistency ReliabiUtv.5IV Validitv.64.1 The Concept of Validity.64.2 The Characteristics of Validitv.64.3 The Classifications of Validitv.74.3.1 Content ValidNv.74.3.2 Construct Validitv.74.3.3 Predictive ValicHtv.84.3.4 Face Validitv.8V How to Ensure the Reliability and Validitv in English Achievement Test.95.1 Howto Ensure Reliability.105.1.1 Moderate Quanta of fest Questions.105.1.2 Moderate Difficultv of Test Questions.105.1.3 Clear Target.115.1.4 Objective Scoring.115.1.5 Analyze the Quality of-fest Papers after Examination.115.2 How t。Ensure Validitv.125.2.1 Emphasis on Content Validitv.12白城师范学院本科毕业论文5.2.2 Improve Construct ValicHtv.125.2.3 fest Students Comprehension Skills.12524 Design New Question Types.13Conclusion.14References.16Acknowledgements.17-ii-I IntroductionFrom the view of the purpose and application,language tests are divided into level test,diagnostic test,achievement test and so on.Language tests use language ability as the target of measure to investigate students5 learning situation,and to provide basic information for the teaching researchGood English achievement test will be beneficial to the teaching,but English achievement test with incorrect design will influence the teaching effects.As a way to judge the English proficiency,the test itself must be reliable and effective.Reliability and validity are two important parts of English achievement test.Teachers should pay attention to the research of testing theories,and grasp the key of proposition to balance the relationship between reliability and validity.To deal with the relationship of the two is good for the teacher to grasp the English achievement tests correctly,and it promotes the development of English teaching more effectively.The content of this paper is mainly about how to ensure reliability and validity.The paper consists of five parts.In the first part of this paper,the concept of English achievement test,the purpose of English achievement test,and the classifications of English achievement test are introduced.In the second part of this study,the author introduces the concept of reliability,the characteristics of reliability,and the classifications of reliability.In the third part,the author introduces the concept of validity,the characteristics validity and the classifications of validity of English achievement test.In the fourth part of this study,the author states how to ensure reliability and validity.In the last part,the author introduces the balance of reliability and validity that we must pay attention.白城师范学院本科毕业论文II English Achievement Test2.1 The Concept of English Achievement TestEnglish achievement test refers to a test that uses teaching materials as the reference to detect teachers teaching content,it also evaluates students mastering of the knowledge.Common methods of English achievement test are:quiz tests,midterm test and final test.2.2 The Purpose of English Achievement TestThe proposition of test papers must be according to the outline requirements,teaching materials and teaching purposes to outburst the principles in ability of comprehensive application language.English achievement test should be focused on testing the capacity that students use English to communicate with each other,and test scores can truly reflect the English ability of examinees,and they are proportional to the actual language skills.It is necessary to design a set of scientific,reasonable,high reliability and high validity of English testing paper.English achievement test as an important part of English teaching,it can not only help teachers to promote the quality of English teaching and to improve teaching methods,but also to understand students5 English learning to help students solve problems.2.3 The Classifications of English Achievement TestThere are many question types in English achievement test,such as listening comprehension,multiple choice,cloze test,reading comprehension,translation,error correction and writing,etcetera.In fact,English achievement test is a very complex activity.In order to maximize the effect of the test,we must investigate it from many aspects.Achievement test is divided into objective test and subjective test.2.3.1 Objective TestObjective test refers to the unique answer,and it does not need examiners5 subjective thoughts,no matter who scores the papers the result of scoring is the same.Usually,the objective test is multiple choices,because the rating of these test questions is not affected by subjective factors of the raters.Features of objective questions are difficult proposition,easy-2-scoring,and high reliability.By testing the students5 grammar,vocabulary knowledge and others,it investigates students5 language knowledge and the ability of English recognition,guessing ability and mastery of language ability.Usually objective test involves many test questions,wide surface language,the objective score method and definite purpose of test,the result is reliable and stable.So it has higher reliability.Objective test questions reflect examinees5 language mastery degree simply and directly,if these questions are designed poorly,it will affect the whole set of questions in reliability and validity seriously.However,objective questions only study students recognition ability for language form,and it can not judge the application of language knowledge.And for the multiple choice questions,the examinees will have a chance to guess the answer correctly even if they do not know which the right answer is,so this kind of situation reduces the reliability of examinees levels.23.2 Subjective TestSubjective test refers to no fixed answers,scores come from the subjective judgment of examiners,such as oral tests,composition,translations,etc.Features of subjective questions are easy proposition,difficult scoring,and high validity.Such as writing,the scoring just depends on the amount of information or other subjective consciousness of examiners.Subjective test is necessary for examiners to exam their language application ability.In testing process,the more subjective questions,the higher validity of the test.All in all,in order to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the examination,we must ensure a balance of objective questions and subjective questions.白城师范学院本科毕业论文III ReliabilityTo understand whether an examination reflects the students5 language ability actually,the first important thing is to pay attention to characteristics of the reliability and validity when the examiners design test papers.3.1 The Concept of ReliabilityReliability emphasizes the reliability and stability results of examinations.Reliability is the extent to which it consistently and accurately measures learning.In a word,it is reliable degree in achievement test results.The main problem is:it answers the credibility of examinees5 test achievement.3.2 The Characteristics of ReliabilityThe level of English achievement test means that the test results reflect what degree the true language behavior of the examinees.If a test has a high reliability,no matter what circumstance and how many times to test the same examinees,test scores should be the same.For example,we can use this method to test the reliability:the same examination papers,two kinds of different environments,the same students complete test papers in short time interval,then if the test result is approximate same,it proves that the test is reliable;if the first scoring is 90,the second scoring is 60,then the results of test reliability should be suspected.If the test result lack of reliability,this test paper will have no value in use.No reliability means that the test result is not a true reflection of language behavior in the study and it also weakens the fairness of the exam,so we cant effectively measure the examinees,language ability.Of course,it is impossible to eliminate inconsistency of achievement,so we must try to minimize unfavorable factors which affect inconsistent results.Test reliability is often expressed by a kind of coefficient correlation,the bigger coefficient correlation,the higher reliability.When coefficient correlation is 1,it means the highest degree of teat reliability;when coefficient correlation is 0,it is the lowest test reliability.In general case,the coefficients are between 0 and 1.People usually require test reliability coefficient more than 0.9 in a standard testing.3.3 The Classifications of ReliabilityAccording to different research methods and purpose of reliability,generally,reliability-4-can be divided into examiner reliability,retest reliability,parallel reliability,and internal consistency reliability.3.3,1 Examiner ReliabilityExaminer reliability refers to some examiners have consistent degree for scoring on the same test results.Different examiners in achievement test have different scoring standards on subjective questions.To ensure consistent point of score is helpful to improve reliability of examiners.3.3.2 Retest ReliabilityRetest reliability refers to a measure of reliability obtained by administering the same test twice over a period of time to a group of individuals.The scores from the first time and the second time can be correlated in order to evaluate the test for stability over time.3.3.3 Parallel ReliabilityParallel reliability is a measure of reliability gained by administering different versions of an assessment tool(both versions must contain items that probe the same construct,skill,knowledge base,etc.)to the same group of individuals.The scores from the two versions can be correlated in order to evaluate the consistency of results across alternate versions.We often use parallel reliability to evaluate test reliability.3.3,4 Internal Consistency ReliabilityInternal consistency reliability refers to a measure of reliability used to evaluate the degree to which different test items that probe the same construct produce similar results.Ifs a real reaction of examinees language ability.白城师范学院本科毕业论文IV Validity4.1 The Concept of ValidityThe reliability and validity are two fundamental problems of language testing,but between them,the validity is the most important part,because validity is the basic point of the language test.Reliability and validity are linked closely,although a test has better reliability,it cant show that this test is scientific and impartial.Validity is the extent to which it measures what it was designed to measure,without contamination from other characteristics.For example,a reading comprehension test should not require mathematical ability.And it is whether the score of examinee reflects his English levels rationally,and whether the content and form of the test are close to the actual of language application.4.2 The Characteristics of ValidityValidity shows the correlation between testing and test objectives.It is a relative concept,that is,validity has difference between high and low degrees,no difference between all valid and invalid.Validity is the core of the examination,if the examination reliability is high,but it does not test what should be test,so the validity of the examination is not high.The more real test tasks the more accurate inference of language application ability,then the higher test validity.The same testing papers are used for different functions and purposes,validity is different.High validity tests provide scientific methods for measuring students English level.Any language test should ensure that language test behavior is consistent with the actual use of language.Validity involves what degree individual test results relate to the individual language skills.So the purpose of studying validity is to maximize the effect of language ability that we want to test.Validity must be combined with testing purposes.To evaluate whether a test has validity,we must detect what degree the test result is consistent with test purpose from multi-angle.In general,when we check the validity of a test,besides investigating the content of testing papers according to the requirements of teaching syllabus,the method of calculating the correlation coefficient is also used,which is calculating the coefficient correlation between this test and another testing paper which can correctly reflect examinees5 levels,the higher coefficient,the greater effectiveness.Large-scale test validity should be above 0.7.-6-4.3 The Classifications of ValidityTest validity includes content validity,construct validity,predictive validity and face validity.Content validity and construct validity are intrinsic validity;predictive validity and face validity are extrinsic validity.4.3.1 Content ValidityIn general,content validity is the most important of test validity.Content validity refers to test whether the assessment content cover what we want to as