雅思阅读match&headings(课堂PPT).ppt

雅思阅读配对题雅思阅读配对题1一、形式：三部分组成一、形式：三部分组成题目要求、选项的集合、题目的集合2二、特点：难以捉摸二、特点：难以捉摸大多数是细节信息（段落配信息题除外）有乱序分布3三、分类三、分类配对一方是特殊定位词配对一方是特殊定位词人名配观点人名配观点地点配解决措施地点配解决措施时间配事件时间配事件乱序乱序配对双方是长句子配对双方是长句子问题配答案问题配答案原因配结果原因配结果正序正序段落配信息段落配信息乱序乱序-语言实力语言实力4四、基本解题步骤四、基本解题步骤识别配对的双方的类型以及各自的数量决定先定位哪一方通读配对另一方，划出全部定位词，逐段进行配对51.配对一方是特殊定位词方法：A迅速浏览定位词，在文中划出，没有出现定位词的段落一律不考虑。B通读配对题的另一方，划出定位词，逐段配对。6五、注意五、注意1.大多数情况下，每个题目只能选一个选项。2.有些选项可能会用两次以上。3.有的选项可能用不上。4.第一题的答案往往在文章的后部，最后一题的答案往往在文章的前部。7List of Heading8lList of Heading题型特点题型特点1.段落主旨题，总结归纳段落主旨题，总结归纳2.位于文章前位于文章前3.选项无复选选项无复选4.易连环错易连环错9lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）做题步骤做题步骤1.去掉去掉Example选项及其对应段落，选项及其对应段落，浏览其余选项，划关键词浏览其余选项，划关键词10lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）做题步骤做题步骤2.以段落为单位，找主题句和核心词以段落为单位，找主题句和核心词11lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）做题步骤做题步骤3.先做该段内的细节题，再选先做该段内的细节题，再选Heading*先小后大先小后大12lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）做题步骤做题步骤4.用用排除法排除法筛选，去掉无关选项，筛选，去掉无关选项，不能确定时，先做其它段不能确定时，先做其它段13lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）主题句位置主题句位置1.首句首句2.次句（首句为过渡句）次句（首句为过渡句）3.尾句尾句（so,thus,conclude）14lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）英文段落展开形式英文段落展开形式1.演绎法演绎法（Deductive Method）a.a.主题句主题句+支持论据支持论据b.b.主题句主题句+对比论据（段落中有转折）对比论据（段落中有转折）c.c.过渡句过渡句+主题句主题句+（注意第（注意第2 2句是否有转折）句是否有转折）15lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）英文段落展开形式英文段落展开形式2.归纳法归纳法（Inductive Method）例证例证+总结（主题句）总结（主题句）16lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）核心词核心词（重复出现是核心词）（重复出现是核心词）1.1.原词重复原词重复2.2.同类词重复同类词重复3.3.指代重复指代重复17lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）多段落组成多段落组成section的说明的说明（剑（剑5T4P1）1.主题可能有多个主题可能有多个2.重点看每个重点看每个section中各段的首尾句，中各段的首尾句，确定各段关系确定各段关系（有（有andand等并列关系词的选项一般为可等并列关系词的选项一般为可选项）选项）18lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）分析选项分析选项在有相同信息的选项中找不同在有相同信息的选项中找不同（文章主题词除外）（文章主题词除外）1.1.同中求异同中求异包含、相对：一个可选，一个排除包含、相对：一个可选，一个排除并列：一般都可选并列：一般都可选19Answer vii The problem effects of the new international trade agreement ii The environmental impact of modern farmingiii Farming and soil erosioniv The effects of government policy in rich countriesv Governments and management of the environmentvi The effects of government policy in poor countriesvii Farming and food outputviii The new prospects for world trade1 Section A2 Section B3 Section C4 Section DExample Section E5 Section F20lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）分析选项分析选项1.1.含有下列词的选项一般为首段的含有下列词的选项一般为首段的headingnotion,definition,concept 21lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）分析选项分析选项2.2.含有下列词的选项一般为尾段的含有下列词的选项一般为尾段的headingimpact,consequence,conclusion 22lList of Heading（段落主旨题）（段落主旨题）注意事项注意事项1.位于文章前位于文章前2.选项无复选选项无复选3.去掉已选项去掉已选项4.某段不确定，先做其他段某段不确定，先做其他段5.Example也要看也要看23BResearchhasshownthatthereisgeneticorBResearchhasshownthatthereisgeneticorinheritedelementtohandedness.Butwhileleft-inheritedelementtohandedness.Butwhileleft-handednesstendstoruninfamilies,neitherleftnorhandednesstendstoruninfamilies,neitherleftnorrighthandlerswillautomaticallyproduceoff-springrighthandlerswillautomaticallyproduceoff-springwiththesamehandedness;infactabout6percentwiththesamehandedness;infactabout6percentofchildrenwithtworight-handedparentswillbeofchildrenwithtworight-handedparentswillbeleft-handed.However,amongtwoleft-handedleft-handed.However,amongtwoleft-handedparents,perhaps40percentofthechildrenwillparents,perhaps40percentofthechildrenwillalsobeleft-handed.Withonerightandoneleft-alsobeleft-handed.Withonerightandoneleft-handedparent,15to20percentoftheoffspringhandedparent,15to20percentoftheoffspringwillbeleft-handed.Evenamongidenticaltwinswhowillbeleft-handed.Evenamongidenticaltwinswhohaveexactlythesamegenes,oneinsixpairswillhaveexactlythesamegenes,oneinsixpairswilldifferintheirhandedness.differintheirhandedness.24CWhatthenmakespeopleleft-handedifitisnotsimplyCWhatthenmakespeopleleft-handedifitisnotsimplygenetic?Otherfactorsmustbeatworkandgenetic?Otherfactorsmustbeatworkandresearchershaveturnedtothebrainforclues.Inresearchershaveturnedtothebrainforclues.Inthe1860stheFrenchsurgeonandanthropologist,Drthe1860stheFrenchsurgeonandanthropologist,DrPaulBocaPaulBoca,madetheremarkablefindingthatpatientsmadetheremarkablefindingthatpatientswhohadlosttheirpowersofspeechasaresultofawhohadlosttheirpowersofspeechasaresultofastroke(abloodclotinthebrain)hadparalysisofthestroke(abloodclotinthebrain)hadparalysisoftherighthalfoftheirbody.Henotedthatsincetheleftrighthalfoftheirbody.Henotedthatsincethelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolstherighthalfofthehemisphereofthebraincontrolstherighthalfofthebody,andviceversa,thebraindamagemusthavebody,andviceversa,thebraindamagemusthavebeeninthebrainslefthemisphere,Psychologistsnowbeeninthebrainslefthemisphere,Psychologistsnowbelievethatamongrighthandedpeople,probably95believethatamongrighthandedpeople,probably95percenthavetheirlanguagecentreintheleftpercenthavetheirlanguagecentreinthelefthemisphere,while5percenthaveright-sidedhemisphere,while5percenthaveright-sidedlanguage,Left-handers,however,donotshowthelanguage,Left-handers,however,donotshowthereversepatternbutinsteadamajorityalsoSome30reversepatternbutinsteadamajorityalsoSome30percenthaverighthemispherelanguage.percenthaverighthemispherelanguage.25D D DrBrinkman,abrainresearcherattheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra,hassuggestedthatevolutionofspeechwentwithright-handedpreference.AccordingtoBrinkman,asthebrainevolved,onesidebecamespecializedforfinecontrolofmovement(necessaryforproducingspeech)andalongwiththisevolutioncameright-handpreference.AccordingtoBrinkman,mostleft-handershavelefthemispheredominancebutalsosomecapacityintherighthemisphere.Shehasobservedthatifaleft-handedpersonisbrain-damagedinthelefthemisphere,therecoveryofspeechisquiteoftenbetterandthisisexplainedbythefactthatleft-handershaveamorebilateralspeechfunction.26EInherstudiesofmacaquemonkeys,Brinkmanhasnoticedthatprimates(monkeys)seemtolearnahandpreferencefromtheirmotherinthefirstyearoflifebutthiscouldbeonehandortheother.Inhumans,however,thespecializationinfunctionofthetwohemispheresresultsinanatomicaldifferences;areasthatareinvolvedwiththeproductionofspeechareusuallylargerontheleftsidethanontheright.Sincemonkeyshavenotacquiredtheartofspeech,onewouldnotexpecttoseesuchavariationbutBrinkmanclaimstohavediscoveredatrendinmonkeystowardstheasymmetrythatisevidentinthehumanbrain.27FFTwoAmericanresearchers,Geschwind and Galaburda,studiedthebrainsofhumanembryosanddiscoveredthattheleft-rightasymmetryexistsbeforebirth.Butasthebraindevelops,anumberofthingscanaffectit.Everybrainisinitiallyfemaleinitsorganisationanditonlybecomesamalebrainwhenthemalefetusbeginstosecretehormones.Geschwind and Galaburda knewthatdifferentpartsofthebrainmatureatdifferentrates;therighthemispheredevelopsfirst,thentheleft.Moreover,agirlsbraindevelopssomewhatfasterthanthatofaboy.So,ifsomethinghappenstothebrainsdevelopmentduringpregnancy,itismorelikelytobeaffectedinamaleandthehemispheremorelikelytobeinvolvedistheleft.Thebrainmaybecomelessliberalizedandthisinturncouldresultinleft-handednessandthedevelopmentofcertainsuperiorskillsthathavetheiroriginsinthelefthemispheresuchaslogic,rationalityandabstraction.Itshouldbenosurprisethenthatamongmathematiciansandarchitects,left-handerstendtobemorecommonandtherearemoreleft-handedmalesthanfemales.28GGTheresultsofthisresearchmaybesomeconsolationtoleft-handerswhohaveforcenturieslivedinaworlddesignedtosuitright-handedpeople.However,whatisalarming,accordingtoMr.CharlesMoore,awriterandjournalist,isthewaythewordrightreinforcesitsownvirtue.Subliminallyhesays,languagetellspeopletothinkthatanythingontherightcanbetrustedwhileanythingontheleftisdangerousorevensinister.Wespeakofleft-handedcomplimentsandaccordingtoMoore,itisnocoincidencethatleft-hand,oftendevelopastammerastheyarerobbedoftheirfreedomofspeech.However,asmoreresearchisundertakenonthecausesoflefthandedness,attitudestowardsleft-handedpeoplearegraduallychangingforthebetter.IndeedwhenthechampiontennisplayerIndeedwhenthechampiontennisplayerIvanLendwasaskedwhatthesinglethingimprovehisgame,hesaidhewouldliketobecomealeft-hander.29 Questions1-7Questions1-7Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed1-7)below.Writetheappropriateletterwiththeopinions(listed1-7)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)in(A-E)inboxes 1-boxes 1-7onyouranswersheet.Somepeoplematch7onyouranswersheet.Somepeoplematchmorethanoneopinion.morethanoneopinion.ADrBocaADrBocaBDrBrinkmanBDrBrinkmanCGeschwindandGalaburdaCGeschwindandGalaburdaDCharlesMooreDCharlesMooreEProfessorTurnerEProfessorTurner 1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhenhandednesswhentheyfirstdevelopedlanguage.theyfirstdevelopedlanguage.2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople.2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople.3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed.3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed.4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmore4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequicklyquicklythanright-handedpeople.thanright-handedpeople.5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusually5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallyloselosetheirpowerofspeech.theirpowerofspeech.6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbefore6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth.birth.7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody.7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody.301Humanbeingsstartedtoshowa1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferencepreferenceforforright-handednesswhenright-handednesswhentheyfirsttheyfirstdevelopedlanguagedevelopedlanguage.2Societyis2Societyisprejudicedprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople.againstleft-handedpeople.33BoysBoysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed.aremorelikelytobeleft-handed.4Afterastroke,left-handedpeople4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirrecovertheirspeechspeechmorequicklythanright-handedpeople.morequicklythanright-handedpeople.5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthe5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallybrainusuallylosetheirpowerofspeech.losetheirpowerofspeech.6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferent6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsfunctionsbeforebirth.beforebirth.77AsymmetryisacommonfeatureAsymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody.ofthehumanbody.311Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhentheyfirstdevelopedlanguage.2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople.3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed.4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequicklythanright-handedpeople.5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallylosetheirpowerofspeech.6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth.7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody.32Henotedthatthisdistinctiveasymmetryinthehumanpopulationisitselfsystematic.Humansthinkincategories:blackandwhite,upanddown,leftandright.Itsasystemofsignsthatenablesustocategoriesphenomenathatareessentiallyambiguous.7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody.33Inthe1860stheFrenchsurgeonandanthropologist,Dr Paul Boca,madetheremarkablefindingthatpatientswhohadlosttheirpowersofspeechasaresultofastroke(abloodclotinthebrain)hadparalysisoftherighthalfoftheirbody.5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallylosetheirpowerofspeech.34Dr Brinkman,abrainresearcherattheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra,hassuggestedthatevolutionofspeechwentwithright-handedpreference.1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhentheyfirstdevelopedlanguage.35Shehasobservedthatifaleft-handedpersonisbrain-damagedinthelefthemisphere,therecoveryofspeechisquiteoftenbetterandthisisexplainedbythefactthatleft-handershaveamorebilateralspeechfunction.4.Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequicklythanright-handedpeople.36TwoAmericanresearchers,Geschwind and Galaburda,studiedthebrainsofhumanembryosanddiscoveredthattheleft-rightasymmetryexistsbeforebirth.6.Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth.37Moreover,agirlsbraindevelopssomewhatfasterthanthatofaboy.So,ifsomethinghappenstothebrainsdevelopmentduringpregnancy,itismorelikelytobeaffectedinamaleandthehemispheremorelikelytobeinvolvedistheleft.3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed.38However,whatisalarming,accordingtoMr.Charles Moore,awriterandjournalist,isthewaythewordrightreinforcesitsownvirtue.Subliminallyhesays,languagetellspeopletothinkthatanythingontherightcanbetrustedwhileanythingontheleftisdangerousorevensinister.2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople.392.双方都是长句子方法：A划出题目中的定位词，定位到段落。B划出选项中的定位词，逐段进行配对。例题：剑七T2P3Q36-3940 剑七剑七剑七剑七T2P3Q36-39T2P3Q36-39 Questions 36-39Questions 36-39Complete each sentence witComplete each sentence with h the correct ending,AJ,below.the correct ending,AJ,below.Write the correct letter,AJ,in boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.Write the correct letter,AJ,in boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.36Constructionoffootbridges,stepsandhandrails36Constructionoffootbridges,stepsandhandrails37FrequentbreakdownofbusesandtrucksinMakete37FrequentbreakdownofbusesandtrucksinMakete 38Theimprovementofsecondaryroadsandpaths38Theimprovementofsecondaryroadsandpaths39TheisolationofMaketeforpartoftheyear39TheisolationofMaketeforpartoftheyear AprovidedthepeopleofMaketewithexperienceinrunningbusAprovidedthepeopleofMaketewithexperienceinrunningbusandtruckservices.andtruckservices.Bwasespeciallysuccessfulinthenorthernpartofthedistrict.Bwasespeciallysuccessfulinthenorthernpartofthedistrict.CdifferedfromearlierphasesinthatthecommunitybecameCdifferedfromearlierphasesinthatthecommunitybecamelessactivelyinvolved.lessactivelyinvolved.Dimprovedpathsusedfortransportupanddownhillsides.Dimprovedpathsusedfortransportupanddownhillsides.Ewasnolongeraproblemoncetheroadshadbeenimproved.Ewasnolongeraproblemoncetheroadshadbeenimproved.Fcostlessthanlocallymadewheelbarrows.Fcostlessthanlocallymadewheelbarrows.GwasdoneonlyattherequestoflocalpeoplewhowerewillingGwasdoneonlyattherequestoflocalpeoplewhowerewillingtolendahand.tolendahand.HwasatfirstconsideredbyMIRTPtobeaffordablefortheHwasatfirstconsideredbyMIRTPtobeaffordableforthepeopleofthedistrict.peopleofthedistrict.IhinderedattemptstomaketheexistingtransportservicesIhinderedattemptstomaketheexistingtransportservicesmoreefficient.moreefficient.J J wasthoughttobethemostimportantobjectiveofPhaseIII.wasthoughttobethemostimportantobjectiveofPhaseIII.41Mostgoodsweretransportedalongthepathsthatprovideshort-cutsupanddownthehillsides,butthepathswerearealsafetyriskandmadethejourneyonfootevenmorearduous.Itmadesensetoimprovethepathsbybuildingsteps,handrailsandfootbridges.36Constructionoffootbridges,stepsandhandrailsDimprovedpathsusedfortransportupanddownhillsides.42Theeffortstoimprovetheefficiencyoftheexistingtransportserviceswerenotverysuccessfulbecausemostofthemotorizedvehiclesinthedistrictbrokedownandtherewerenoresourcestorepairthem.37FrequentbreakdownofbusesandtrucksinMaketeIhinderedattemptstomaketheexistingtransportservicesmoreefficient43Pathsandsecondaryroadswereimprovedonlyattherequestofcommunitieswhowerewillingtoparticipateinconstructionandmaintenance.38TheimprovementofsecondaryroadsandpathsGwasdoneonlyattherequestoflocalpeoplewhowerewillingtolendahand.44Theroadimprovementsandaccompanyingmaintenancesystemhadhelpedmakethedistrictcentreaccessiblethroughouttheyear.39TheisolationofMaketeforpartoftheyearEwasnolongeraproblemoncetheroadshadbeenimp