初中英语语法基础知识.doc

第一部分 基础知识第一章 语 法第一节 时 态一一般现在时一般 + s; 在以ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾的词后 + es (teaches, goes, washes, fixes, guesses); 在以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的词后，变y为i后再加-es (studies, tries) 1. 表示现在反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与every day, once a week, often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom等时间状语连用： -We go there twice a month. -Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations. (d. required - requires) 2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力等： -He has great concern for others. -Matter exists in three states. 3. 表示客观事物或普遍真理： -Light travels faster than sound. -Japan lies to the east of China. 4. 表示安排或计划好的将来的动作： -The plane takes off at five. 5. 在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作（when, after, before, as soon as, until; if, unless): -If it is fine tomorrow, we will have a football match. -A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain will come. (will come - comes)二现在进行时 study-studying; come-coming; sit-sitting (forget-forgetting); die-dying 通常不能用于现在进行时的常见动词如下： see, hear, smell, taste, know, find, forget, notice, suggest, be, love, like, want, hope, wish, prefer, hate, understand, remember, believe, have, consist, seem. 1. 表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作： -The students are running to the sports-field. 2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻不一定在进行： -He is writing a novel this year. 3. 可表示将来发生的动作，这一用法常用于go, come, leave, start等动词，后面也 常用表示较近的将来时间状语，如tomorrow, tonight, this coming Friday等，表 示安排或计划好的事情： -Those visitors are leaving for Wuhan tomorrow. 4. 用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩： -The boy who is sitting beside me is always asking me a lot of whys and hows. -He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.三现在完成时 1.表示动作现在刚完成： -His son has finished his homework. 2. 表示过去做的动作对现在仍有影响： -Its so cold in here. Who has broken the window? 3. 过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在（这时常和since 或for 短语连用） -Li has studied English for twenty years. -Collecting dolls as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. b 注 1.副词用：just, before, already, often, never, ever, always, not.yet或now, today, this week等；不用过去的时间状语。 2.-His grandmother _ for thirty years. a. died b. had died c. has been dead d. has died -He has been in the army for two years. (不能说He has joined the army for .) -I _ a college student for more than a year. a. became b. have become c. was d. have been -It is three years since he sent to the U.S. (不能说He has gone to the U.S. for three years.)四一般过去时 时间状语有: yesterday, ago, in 1978, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now等，以及由when等引导的句子。 1. 表示某一确定的过去时间发生的动作或存在的状态： -Oberlin College awards degrees to both sexes in 1837, but coeducaion in American a colleges did not spread until the second half of the century. (awards - awarded) 2. 表示过去某一段时间内经常发生或习惯的动作： -From 1910 to 1927 Corra Harris _ out an average of a novel a year. a. has brought b. were bringing c. had brought d. brought 3. used to: -We used to get up at five every morning when we were in the countryside.五过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作或正发生的历史事件。 -Bill said that he _ his homework at half past seven yesterday evening. a. did b. was doing c. is going to do d. has done六过去完成时 1结束性动作-即“已完成”，表示在过去某一时间之前就已完成了的动作。 常有by, before, until, as soon as, when, because等引导的短语或从句，表示过去 的时间。 -By the end of last year, he had learned about 1,000 words.Preposition (G)1. in, on, at yesterday morning in the morning tomorrow morning yesterday afternoon in the afternoon tomorrow afternoon yesterday evening in the evening tomorrow evening this morning this afternoon at dawn this evening at noon at night Before day we use on: on Sunday (Monday.) on Sunday morning on Oct. 1 on the afternoon of Oct. 1 on May Day on the morning of May Day on National Day on the evening of National Day on Christmas on Christmas eve on a cold winter morning, on a hot June afternoon, etc. In the concept of space: arrive in New York; arrive at the station in London, Tokyo, etc. but at the bus stop2. over on above 超过（或低于）某高度、标准。 under beneath below e.g. above the sea level (海拔) 直上，直下 （接触表面的）上下 below O degree3. except 1. They all went to sleep except the young Frenchman. 2. He rarely went anywhere except to his office. 3. The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning. besides Besides English, he has to study German and French. except for 1. The room was bare of furniture except for a few chairs. 2. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. except that (when, after, etc.) 1. This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long. 2. Its a satisfactory hat, except that it doesnt fit me. 3. Mr. Smith used to go fishing every weekend except when he was ill.1. The art exhibition was well designed, _ the disarrangement of a few pieces of photos. a. exceptb. besidesc. except ford. in addition to2. She hurried when she knew that everybody was ready _ her. a. exceptb. except forc. besided. besides3. _ being used in industry, laser can be applied to operations in the hospital. a. Except forb. Except thatc. In addition tod. Beside4. _ coal, the most important natural fuels are gas and oil. a. Except forb. Exceptc. Besidesd. Beside (Apart from) 5. At the far side of the yard there was a kitchen garden (菜园), and _ that was the orchard (果园). (再过去是果园) a. apart fromb. exceptc. except ford. beyond 6. The compositions by the freshmen class are well-written _ a few errors in spelling and grammar. a. unlessb. except thatc. except ford. besidesNouns (G)1. Uncountable nouns: advice, anger, applause, baggage (luggage), cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth, clothing, bread, damage, equipment, evidence, food, fruit, furniture, gold, homework, housework, information, ink, jewellery, knowledge, machinery, mail (邮件), money, music, news, paper, personnel, postage (邮资，邮费), protection, rice (salt, sugar, tea), scenery, soap, sugar, toothpaste, traffic, transportation, weaponry, weather, work.2. 有些不可数名词以复数形式出现时，其含义会发生变化。 Ten years had passed, I found she had _. (81) a. a little white hairb. some white hair c. much white haird. a few white hairs -I found a long black hair in my soup. -He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (多种水果)communication (通讯) communications (通讯系统，通讯工具); content（内容）contents (目录); necessity (需要) necessities ( 必需品); ruin (毁灭) ruins (废墟，遗迹);sand (沙子)sands (沙地); wood (木材) woods (树林); work works ( 工厂，著作)Fossils (化石) of plant that have been extinct (灭绝) for fifty million years have been a b cfound near the Baltic Sea. ddeer, fish, sheep Agreement (G)一1. 在There be 结构中： -There is a box of matches in the kitchen. -There seems to be little time left.2. 在主谓倒装结构中： -After the exams is the time to relax. -Here come the nine noisy children from next door. -Here comes the bus. 但 Here they are. -Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper in the drawer.（邻近一致）二主语与谓语之间有修饰语时，主语的数不受修饰语的影响： -Unemployment as well as taxes influences votes.以下均不影响主语的数：accompanied by, along with, together with, as well as, but, except, in addition to, including, instead of, like, more than, no less than, not to mention, rather than (而不是). -John, together with his family, is flying to London. -Taxes, not to mention unemployment, influence votes.三单数主语。 1不定式短语、动名词和名词从句作主语时，谓语用单数： -To become doctors is their ambition. -Reading without comprehension is no good. -What that country needs is more jobs and lower taxes.2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品 的名称作主语时，谓语用单数： -The United Nations was formed in 1945. -The Daily News says its going to rain.3. 下列或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数： every, each (of), everyone (everybody), one of (+复数), either, neither. -Every silver knife, fork, and spoon has to be counted. -Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalog. -Neither (one) is satisfactory.(-Many a college student wishes to return the easy days of high school. -A great / good many books have been written on the subject.)四复数主语。下列不定代词作主语时，谓语用复数：both (of), few (of), many, several -Several of the regular members were absent.五一些表示数量的短语作主语。1. a lot of, all of, any of, most of, some of, none of 谓语取决于of 后名词的数。 -The number of students in the class is fifteen. -A number of students were late.六复合主语。 1.由and 或both . and .连接两个主语时，谓语一般用复数。但：His friend and manager of the company was cool to his suggestion. a French and Chinese dictionary; a French and a Chinese dictionaries单数名词前有两个并列的形容词修饰时，谓语常用复数。 -Social and political freedom are limited there. (=Social freedom and political freedom) 2.当or, either . or, neither . nor或not only . but also连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语用“毗邻一致”原则。 -Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.七集体名词用作主语： -The family is the basic unit of our society.The family are always quarreling. 常用的集体名词有：army, audience, band, board, class, club, committee, crew, crowd, family, firm, flock, gang, government, group, jury, majority, minority, orchestra, party, public, staff, swarm, team, troop等。八在定语从句中的主谓语一致：-That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.-She is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.九表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等以总量计时，谓语用单数：-Eight hours of sleep is enough.-Five hundred thousand dollars is quite a large sum of money.-Three thousand miles is to far to travel.Cf. -Their last four years have been full of surprises. -There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.十以 -ces或s结尾的名词作主语，谓语一般用单数。physics, economics, electronics, mathematics, civics (公民学), ethics (伦理学)，politics, statistics, etc.但用来表示“活动”或“个别、具体”事实时，谓语用复数：-Statistics is a field of study. Cf. The statistics in that report are not accurate.十一+ the 与不+the 意义不同时：-Chinese is a difficult language. The Chinese are kind and friendly.-French is spoken in many countries. The French are famous for their good wines.十二“The +形容词/-ed 分词作主语时，谓语用复数：-The injured were taken to hospital.代词一致：-Neither Lynne nor Bess has her keys with her. -Neither the Browns nor the Greens like their cars. (邻近原则) somebody.,anyone.,something.,either(neither),each, one, no one作主语时，代词一般用单数。 性：无法确定时用阳性.-A person needs to see his dentist twice a year.Comparison (G)(-y, ow, le, r, st + er, est: narrower, busier, noblest)一.排斥问题： This room is _ in the building. a. biggest than any other one b. bigger than any one c. bigger than any other one d. bigger as any other one Herbert studies _ student in the class. a. hardest than any otherb. harder than any c. harder than any otherd. harder as any e.g. He is taller than anyone else in our class.二.替代问题： The weather of this year is better than that of last year.(that 代不可数名词，指物) A necklace made of glass is far cheaper than one made of diamond.(one 只可代可数名词，可指人、物)三.倍数问题：倍数后现不用more than, 要用as much (or many) as 1. The new model costs twice as much as last years model. 2. Staying in hotel costs _ renting a room in a dormitory for a week. a. twice more thanb. as much twice as c. twice as much asd. as much as twice四.同级比较： 肯定用: as + 原级 + as 否定用: not so (as) + 原级 + as五.修饰比较级的状语有： still, even; much, far, a lot, a great deal; a little, a bit; five years 等。 1. My brother is 5 years older than I. 2. He studies far better than you (do).六.The more . the more 1. The harder you study, the better you will serve the people. 2. The better people are able to communicate, the greater the chances are of achieving an enduring peace in the world. 3. The longer you work, the more you will learn.七. 限定词数词描述性形容词大小、长短、形状的形容词年龄、新旧色彩形容词类属形容词（国籍、地区、出处）用途类别表材料形容词被修饰名词 the first two books; the two rather beautiful pictures; some beautiful little red flowers; an expensive blue Chinese vase; a rather beautiful green Chinese woolen carpet an expensive new Japanese sports car(一辆昂贵的新型日本跑车) that beautiful slim young foreign lady (那位漂亮、苗条的年轻外国小姐) Mrs. Brown has _ car. a. beautiful new Americanb. a new American beautiful c. a new beautiful Americand. an American beautiful new There is _. a. a gray, gloomy-looking(幽暗), wooden house b. a wooden, gray, gloomy-looking house c. a gloomy-looking, gray, wooden house d. a gloomy-looking, wooden, gray house八. 某些源自拉丁语以 -or结尾的形容词，没有原级，只有比较级。如： superior to, inferior to; senior (年长的、较高级的), junior (年幼的，较低级的); prior (先于、更重要的), posterior (较后的、后于), 全都跟to 不用than (equal, similar) -Mr. Johnson is superior to him in ability. -He is three years senior to me.九准关系代词than的用法： 1. Children should not have more money than is needed. 2. There were more casualties than was reported. (than, not that or who) 1. The task was far more difficult than had been expected.Infinitive (G)一作主语 -To get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a short time is a hard nut. It is really a hard nut to get high marks in the entrance exam of postgraduate in a . -To learn English is very important It is very important to learn English. -When to start hasnt been decided. It hasnt been decided when to start. -It is possible for us to get there before dark. -It is quite important for us to read good books during the period of general review. 在某些形容词（如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly wrong, right, foolish, stupid careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等）作表语时，不定式前常可加of 引出逻辑主语。 -Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. (他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的.)二作表语： -His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. -The purpose of inductive (归纳) logic is to infer general laws from particular occurrences.三作定语： -She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. -The teacher assigned us two exercises to do at home. -S