高中英语语法--句子的成分.doc

高中英语语法句子的成分第四章 句子结构及成分一.陈述句, 疑问句, 祈使句, 感叹句75二.简单句、并列句和复合句751）简单句：752) 并列句：753）复合句：76考点： 两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句77三.句子成分77四.简单句的五种基本结构87基本句型 一： （主谓）87基本句型 二： （主系表）87基本句型 三： （主谓宾）88基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）89基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）906. There be 句型91练习 ：划分句子成分练习92第四章 句子结构及成分一. 陈述句, 疑问句, 祈使句, 感叹句句子按用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：表示命令或者请求. 又叫无主句，主语通常为you,省略.Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：how 后面加上的是形容词副词.what后面加上的是名词.How clever the boy is! What a clever boy he is!二. 简单句、并列句和复合句句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（划线部分为并列谓语 ，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同.e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）复合句：复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系， 而不是从属关系）。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。1. It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句） 2. What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构。What he said作主语，is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。What he said是名词性从句作主语）。3. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）4. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一个主谓结构 who is wearing a hat也是一个主谓结构，作了前一个主谓结构中主语the boy的定语。因此本句是复合句。）5. I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）6. I was doing my homework when he came in.（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语。因此是复合句。练习：判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.11. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat 15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.答案：1. 简单句 2. 复合句, The boy is called Tom是一个主谓结构 who offered me his seat也是一个主谓结构，为定语从句，作前一个主谓结构中主语the boy 的定语。3. 简单句，反义疑问句 4. 简单句，my brother and I 是并列主语，后面go to school和come back为并列谓语，因此也只有一个主谓结构。5. 并列句 6.含有时间状语从句的复合句。7. 并列句 8. 复合句，what he said也是一个主谓结构，名词性从句作主语。 9. 简单句，只有一个主谓结构。10. 简单句，前面为并列主语。11. and连接的并列句 12. 由so连接的并列句 13. 简单句 14.but连接前后为并列句，但后面又是一个含有定语从句的复合句。15.含有让步状语从句的复合句。考点： 两个主谓结构时，要用连接词，变为并列句或复合句一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。是并列句时要有and, so, but,等并列连词或用分号。是复合句时也要有连接词。总之，只用逗号而不用连接词简单的把两个主谓结构连接到一起的句子是错误的。如：I like English, my English is very good.I like English and my English is very good.As I like English, my English is very good. I have a house, its windows are very big. I have a house and its windows are very big. I have a house, whose windows are very big. 练习：参看 定语从句 关系词的选择P137 6三. 句子成分现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：除 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）之外还有 表语（predicative）（同位语）。许国璋英语中划句子成分的符号主语 在下面划一直线 谓语 在下面划曲线 宾语 在下面划双横线 定语 在下面划虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， 钉 谐音为“定语” 的“定”） 状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩， 木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语 上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true答案：1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）2. We often speak English in class.（代词）3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5. Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）6. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）9. That he isnt at home is not true. (主语从句， that不能省略)练习2. 改错1) Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2) That what he said isnt true.3) He came late made his teacher angry.4) On the desk is two books.答案：1）do改为doing, 用动名词作主语。2）去掉that, what本身都有连接作用。3）在he前加That, 主语从句中that不能省。也可改为His coming late, 用动名词的复合结构作主语。4）is改为are, 介词短语不能作主语，本句是倒装句。2. 谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：We are students.Your idea sounds great.考点1. 在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。当主语是一个人，并且不是I 和you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es1. We/You(你们)/They _(go) to school every day.2. Tom and Mike _(go) to school every day. 3. His children _(go) to school every day.4. Tom _(go) to school every day.5. My brother _(go) to school every day.6. Your sister _(go) to school every day.7. Their son _(go) to school every day.8. He / She _(go) to school every day.答案：1-3， go 4-8, goes考点2. 谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。如：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much.The food delicious and I ate a lot. The food was delicious and I ate a lot. 考点3. 在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：will, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,还有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。She might stayed at home. She might stay at home. He must comes. He must come. 考点4. 进行时是be + doing, 不要把be遗忘了It raining heavily. It was raining heavily. They planting trees on the farm. They were planting trees on the farm. 3. 表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。1) Our teacher of English is an American. 2) Is it yours? 3) The weather has turned cold. 4) The speech is exciting. 5) Three times seven is twenty one? 6) His job is to teach English.7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8) The machine must be under repairs. 9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.答案：1) Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2) Is it yours?（代词）3) The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4) The speech is exciting.（分词）5) Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6) His job is to teach English.（不定式）7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）8) The machine must be under repairs.（介词短语）9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4. 宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当,表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构,划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。1) They planed many trees yesterday. 2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5) I wanted to buy a car. 6) I enjoy listening to popular music.7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.答案：1) They planed many trees yesterday.（名词） 2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.（数词）4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）5) I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短语）6) I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1) His father named him Dongming. 2) They painted their boat white. 3) Let the fresh air in. 4) You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5) We saw her entering the room.6) We found everything in the lab in good order.7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.8) I want your homework done on time.答案：1) His father named him Dongming.（名词）2) They painted their boat white.（形容词）3) Let the fresh air in.（副词）4) You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）5) We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）6) We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）8) I want your homework done on time.(过去分词短语)6. 主补：对主语的补充。（含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.7. 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。考点1. 若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常置后。I have something important to tell you.(important修饰something,却放在后面)There is nothing interesting in the book.（ interesting 修饰 nothing）考点2. 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点3. 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4. 介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5. 名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点6. 动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置（参看 P104非谓语 作定语部分）I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7. 动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别 (参看P106非谓语部分)This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语， 表正在进行）考点8. Else, 别的，其它的，通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语Who else do you know?Somebody else might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where考点9. enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1) I havent got enough money. I cant afford it.（形容词作定语）2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）3) You cant be careful enough. (副词作状语)3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的1. Tom is a handsome boy. 2. His boy needs Toms pen. 3. The boy in blue is Tom.4. The boy needs a ball pen.5. The boy there needs a pen.6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.7. There is nothing to do today. 8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 9. There are five boys left.10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.11. The boy you will know is Tom.12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.13. He is reading an article about how to learn English. 14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.答案：1. Tom is a handsome boy. （形容词作定语）2. His boy needs Toms pen.( His物主代词Toms名词所有格,作定语：)3. The boy in blue is Tom.(介词短语作后置定语)4. The boy needs a ball pen.（名词作定语）5. The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。副词作后置定语）6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.（要写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语）7. There is nothing to do today.（不定式to do作nothing的定语 ） 8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.（那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。现在分词smiling作定语, 后面过去分词短语作定语）9. There are five boys left.（有五个留下的男孩，数词和过去分词） 10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.（那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。定语从句）11. The boy you will know is Tom.（你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。定语从句）12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词，介词短语）13. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（关于如何学英语的文章，介词短语作后置定语）14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（进教室的第一个，不定式短语作后置定语）15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（他在英语方面的快速进步，物主代词、形容词作定语，介词短语作后置定语）16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.（数词、名词作定语）8. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(写地认真，走地慢，修饰动词用副词)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词）考点1. 形容词、副词的选择修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子用副词，作状语作定语、表语和补语时一般用形容词可简单的归结为：形修名，作表、定；副作状，修饰 副、形 动He is careful.（作表语，用形容词）He is a careful boy.（作定语， 用形容词）练习: 参看 形容词和副词部分 P55 考点17考点2. 几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.考点3. 频度副词如often、always、usually等在be及助动词动词后,行为动词前。He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.考点4. 副词按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步一. 方式副词suddenly 突然地 rapidly 迅速地 warmly 热烈地 successfully 成功地quickly 很快地 carefully 仔细地 proudly 骄傲地 angrily 愤怒地二. 地点、方向副词here 这里 there 那里 outside 在外 inside 在内away 远离 straight 径直地 upstairs 上楼 backwards 向后三. 时间副词n