由直接引语变为间接引语.doc

由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：
1． 直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said , "You are younger than I."-’He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven’t you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked , "Where do you live?"
→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引语是祈使句时
间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语don’t 变为not ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him , "Don’t leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：
He said, "Let’s go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4.直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。
指示代词 this ---that
these--- those
表示时间的词 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地点的词 here --there
动词 bring -- take
come --go
一般疑问句
1. 概念
能用yes / no(或相当于yes / no)回答的问句叫一般疑问句。
2. 含系动词be的一般疑问句的构成
具体地说，就是当陈述句中有am /is / are时，可直接将它们提至主语前，但如遇第一人称，最好将其置换成第二人称。如：
I’m in Class 2, Grade 1. →Are you in Class 2, Grade 1? 你是在一年级二班吗？
3. 含情态动词的一般疑问句的构成
一般疑问句面前人人平等：情态动词与am / is / are一样，也可直接将它们提至主语前，所以问题迎刃而解了。如：
I can spell it. →Can you spell it? 你会拼写它吗？
4. 含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成
含实义动词的一般疑问句的构成稍微有点讲究，要在句首加do；如逢主语为第三人称单数，谓语动词为一般现在时单数第三人称形式"v-(e)s"时，奉does为座上宾并要变回原形(如has→have，likes→like等)；有时陈述句中的some还要变作any等。如：
She lives in Beijing. →Does she live in Beijing? 她住在北京吗？
I like English. →Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？
There are some books on my desk.→Are there any books on your desk?
5. 少数口语化的一般疑问句
如问一个与前文相同的问句时，可省略成"And you?"或"What / How about...?"等；甚至只抓关键词，读作升调。如：Your pen? 你的钢笔？
6. 小插曲：一般疑问句的语调
大部分的一般疑问句都应读作升调(↗)，并落在最后一个单词身上。如：Is it a Chinese car↗?
7. 一般疑问句的应答
用yes / no(或相当于yes / no的词)回答，并怎么问怎么答(句首为情态动词am / is / are还是do /does)，简略回答时要注意缩写(否定的n’t)和采用相应的人称代词以避免重复：即"Yes，主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或do / does."表示肯定；"No，主语(代词)+情态动词或am / is / are或者do / does not(n’t)."表示否定。如：
① -Is Mary a Japanese girl? 玛丽是日本女孩吗？
-Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t. 是的，她是。/不，她不是。
② -Can Lily speak Chinese? 莉莉会说中国话吗？
-No, she can’t. / Sorry, I don’t know. 不，她不会。/对不起，我不知道。
③ -Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？
-Yes, very much. 是的，非常喜欢。