国贸双语第3章品质.ppt

Chapter Three Quality of Commodity第三章商品品质1【Learning Objectives】After learning this Chapter,you will be able to:1.Know about the importance of the name of commodity;2.Master various representation quality methods;3.Master quality clause of sales contract.2Lead-in 导入3Case 1Question:in this situation,does the buyer hold the repudiation rights?Why?问题：在上述情况下，买方有无拒付的权利？为什么？One Chinese company exported a contract of grade B peanuts to a foreign country importer.When the seller was working on the delivery of the goods,he found that the grade B peanuts were out of stock.Without prior consent of the buyer,the seller delivered the grade A peanuts instead of grade B peanuts and stated on the invoice”Grade A peanuts,price is the same”,while the buyer refused the consignment.4我国某公司向某国出口花生一批，合同规定为B级花生。卖方交货时发现B级花生无货，中国公司在未征得买方同意的情况下，用A级花生代替了B级花生并在发票上注明“A级花生、价格照旧”，货运抵买方后，遭买方拒绝。案例15Possibale answerThe buyer has the right to refuse to pay.This is because both sides confirmed the grade B peanuts when signing the contract,which holds a legal effect.If the seller gets the buyers consent,he can change the peanuts grade.So the buyer has the power to refuse to pay.Possible answer6答案：中文回答：买方有权利拒付，因为在双方签订合同时已经确定了是B级花生，合同是有法律效应的。卖方在征得买方的同意的情况下，才可以改变花生的等级。所以买方有权利拒付。7the Chapter Three:Contents of Quality of Commodity 第三章 商品品质目录1.Name of commodity 商品品名商品品名2.Stipulating Methods of Commodity Quality 商品的品质表示方法商品的品质表示方法 (重点重点)3.Quality Clauses of internatioanl trade in a Sales Contract 合同中的品质条款合同中的品质条款(重点重点)4.Assignment 作业作业81.Name of commodity 商品的品名 Name of Commodity，it is an address or concept of some commodity,is also called name clause.The name of the product,to a certain extent,reflects the natural attribute of commodity,as well as the main performance characteristics.The name usually also represents the quality which the goods should have and is the essential main conditions in international trade of a sales contract.9商品品名，它是某种商品区别于其他商品的一种称呼或概念。商品的名称在一定程度上体现了商品的自然属性、用途以及主要的性能特征。品名也代表了商品通常应具有的品质，是合同中不可缺少的主要交易条件10 As the following naming:(1)With its main use naming:travel shoes,insecticide,bicycle(2)its main raw materials used in naming:sweater,glass(3)With its main components.Name:American ginseng royal jelly,aloe cream(4)With the appearance of naming:red bean,tapered roller bearing(5)The commendatory term naming:Youth treasure,robust fruit milk(6)The character name:wine of Home Kong Fu,Kong Yiji fennel(7)Process for the production of naming:Erguotou,refined oil11如以下命名方式：(1)以其主要用途命名：旅游鞋、杀虫剂、自行车 (2)以其所使用的主要原材料命名：羊毛衫、玻璃杯 (3)以其主要成分命名：西洋参蜂皇浆、芦荟乳霜(4)以其外观造型命名：赤豆、圆锥滚子轴承(5)以其褒义词命名：青春宝、乐百氏果奶(6)以人物名字命名：孔府家酒、孔乙己茴香(7)以制作工艺命名：二锅头、精制油 12Significance of Stipulating the Name of Commodity列明品名的意义 (1)From the perspective of law,stipulate in the contract that the subject matter of the specific name,relationship to both the transfer of goods with respect to the rights and obligations of a contract for the sale,is the main trading conditions.从法律的角度看,在合同中规定标的物的具体名称,关系到买卖双方交接货物方面的权利和义务,是买卖合同的主要交易条件 13 (2)From a business point of view,the name or description of the rules are both the substance of the transaction,which is the foundation and precondition.从业务的角度看从业务的角度看,品名或说明的规定是双方交易的物质内容品名或说明的规定是双方交易的物质内容,是交易赖以是交易赖以进行的物质基础和前提条件；进行的物质基础和前提条件；14 (3)Good name of commodity can generalize the characteristics of goods,with the purchase of consumer psychology,but also can enhance the consumers purchase desire.好的商品名称既能概括商品的特性，符合购买者的消费心理，又能增进消费者的购买欲望。15 Commodity Name Clause in a Sales Contract合同中的品名条款(1)Make a realistic stipulation based on the goods,avoid exaggeration about the commodity.针对实际做出实事求是的规定，对商品的品名不要做夸大的宣传。(2)In the description of commodity clause of the sales contract,the stipulation of the commodity must be precise and specific.在签订买卖合同的品名条款时，对品名必须明确、具体。16Commodity Name Clause in a Sales Contract合同中的品名条款(3)In the contract,it should be possible to use the international common name.International in order to the statistic of commodity taxation is the common classification criteria,the Customs Cooperation Council chaired made harmonized commodity description and coding system (The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System,H.S coding system).The system was formally implemented in January 1,1988,China in January 1,1992 using the system,the preparation of China Customs statistics,the GSP treatment,according to H.S.Therefore,our country in the name of commodity,should be with H.S.Set name suit.If the seller delivers the goods do not conform with the contract name or description,the buy side has right to reject the goods,and asked to put in a claim for damages.17在合同中，应尽可能使用国际上通用的名称。国际上为了便于对商品的统计征税时有共同的分类标准，海关合作理事会主持制定了协调商品名称及编码制度（The Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System,简称H.S.编码制度）。该制度于1988年1月1日起正式实施，我国于1992年1月1日起采用该制度、目前各国的海关统计，普惠制待遇等都按H.S.进行。所以，我国在采用商品名称时,应与H.S.规定的品名相适应。如果卖方交付的货物不符合合同规定的品名或说明，则买方有权拒收货物，并要求提出损害赔偿。182.Stipulating Methods of Commodity Quality商品的品质表示方法The quality of goods is the integration of intrinsic and the outer forms or shapes of goods.Intrinsic attributes includes chemical,physical,mechanical properties and biological structure;the outer forms or shapes of goods includes shape,color,transparency,or style of the goods.19Methods of Stipulating Quality of Commodity商品品质的表示方法 201.Sale by Physical Commodity 以实物表示商品的品质以实物表示商品的品质 21 1.1 Sales by Sample 凭样品买卖凭样品买卖 The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot.In merchandising,a sample is a small quantity of a product,often taken out from a whole lot or specially designed and processed,that is given to encourage customers to buy the product.样本怎么来的？样本怎么来的？22Sale by sample includes 3 types:1)Sales by the sellers sampleSales by the sellers sample 2)Sales by the buyers sample 2)Sales by the buyers sample 3)The counter sample 3)The counter sample23Sale by Sellers Sampleswhich are usually sent by the seller to the buyer,also called original sample.The seller provide can represent the whole batch of delivery quality of small objects,namely a representative sample.And at the same time keep a copy or copies of the same sample,the sample is called duplicate.The sample sent and the duplicate sample/file sample kept should be the same article number so as to make it convenient for delivery,verification when handling quality or future transactions.24凭卖方样品凭卖方样品是指由卖方向买方提供货物的样品，即原样。卖方所提供的能代表整批交货品质的少量实物，即为“代表性样品”。同时，卖方应留存一份或数份同样的样品，该样品称为“复样”。一般来说，发出的样品和复样具有相同的编号，以备交货或处理品质纠纷时作核对之用。25Sale by buyers sample is defined by Buyer s sample consultation transaction and contract,and by Buyer s sample delivery quality as basis,also known as sample contract.凭买方样品买卖凭买方样品买卖是指凭买方提供的样品磋商交易和订立的合同，并以买方样品作为交货品质的依据，也称“来样成交”。26A counter sample is a duplicate made by the seller according to the sample provided by buyer.After the confirmation of the buyer,the sample will serve as the basis of the transaction and delivery.A counter sample is also called a return sample.Actually,counter sample is a transfer from sale by buyers sample to sale by sellers sample.When a transaction is made based on the sample,the seller should keep one or more equivalent samples for file,which are called duplicate samples.27卖方根据买方提供的样品，加工自制一个类似的样品交买方确认，在买方确认后，这一样品就作为成交和交货的依据，称之为对等样品，也叫回样回样。实际上是把凭买方样品买卖，转化为凭卖方样品的买卖。根据样品成交的交易，卖方应留存一个或一个以上的样品备案,即复样。复样。281.2 Sale by inspection 看货买卖看货买卖Trading under this term,the buyer inspects the goods on the spot.For instance,various trade fairs,transaction and consignment of bulk agricultural by-products and heavy machinery,auction,exhibition,etc 现场实际看货成交看货成交。如各种展销会以及大宗农副产品、大型机器设备的交易和寄售、拍卖、展卖等贸易方式都属于看货成交。292.Sale by Description 以文字说明表示商品的品质 302.1 Sale by Specification 凭规格买卖凭规格买卖 By specification of goods,goods that reflect the quality of some main indicators.Such as composition,content,purity,performance,thickness,length.Sale by specification is more convenient,accurate,can also be adjusted according to different applications,so this method is widely used in international trade.【Typical Case Link 1】31凭商品规格，即反映商品品质的一些主要指标。如成分、含量、纯度、性能、长短、粗细。凭规格买卖比较方便、准确，还可以根据不同用途予以调整，故这种方法在国际贸易中广为运用。【典型典型链接链接 1】32One Chinese foreign trade export company A exported to German company B a batch of marijuana.In the contract it was stipulated that the water should not exceed 15%,impurity not more than 3%.Before the deal,company A sent the sample to the customer and after the contract Company A advised“the sample is similar to the goods”.After the arrival of the goods in Germany,the buyer B showed the inspection certification,reading the goods quality was 7%inferior to the quality of the sample,therefore the buyer claimed for 600 pounds of compensation.Company A refused the compensation and stated its reason by saying that the merchandise on delivery was selected because while producing,it was not possible for the goods to be made exactly like the sample.But it was also not so far as lower than the samples quality by 7%.【Typical Case Link 1】33中国A外贸公司向德国B公司出口大麻一批，合同规定水分最高15%，杂质不超过3%，但在成交前，中国公司曾向对方寄过样品，合同订立后又电告对方“成交货物与样品相似”。货到德国后，买方出具了货物品质比样品低7%的检验证明，并要求赔偿600英镑的损失。中国公司拒绝赔偿，并陈述理由说：该方商品在交货时是经过挑选的，因为是农产品，不可能做到与样品完全相符。但也不至于比样品低7%。34What mistakes are there in the Chinese company A?问题：中方公司的失误在哪里？Can Company A just turn a blind eye and ignore it by saying that the deal is not by the sample?问题：是否可以该商品并非凭样成交为由而不予理赔？Question:Question:35Its beneficial for the seller to avoid the double commitment by both specification and samples as for the quality of the goods.Although the seller told the other side that the goods were similar to that of the sample,meaning not completely consistent,the buyer reserved the right to claim for compensation.The buyer showed the certificate of 7%,lower than the sample in quality,although its not true,the seller was unable to show the retained sample so he shall compensate 600 pounds to the buyer.Answer:【Typical Case Link 1-典例链接1】36回答：卖方避免对交易货物的品质承担双重担保义务（既凭规格又凭样品）；虽卖方电文中告诉对方货物与样品相似，而不是完全相符，但买方有权保留索赔的权利；买方出具品质比样品低7%的证明，虽不符合实情，但卖方也拿不出留存样品，故要赔偿600英镑。37For example:Fresh Hen Eggs,shell light brown and clean,every in size Grade AA:60 65gm per egg Grade A:55 60gm per egg Grade B:50 55gm per egg Grade C:45 50gm per egg Grade D:40 45gm per egg Grade F:35 40gm per egg2.2 Sale by Grade凭等级买卖凭等级买卖Sale by grade,best in quality in terms of the provisions of each grade specifications382.3 Sale by Standard 凭标准买卖凭标准买卖The standard is the government agency or the business community to some goods unified specifications or grades,and to the public,specific corporate standards,group standards,national standards,regional standards or international standards.标准是政府机关或商业团体对某一些商品统一其规格标准是政府机关或商业团体对某一些商品统一其规格或等级，并予以公布，具体有企业标准，团体标准、或等级，并予以公布，具体有企业标准，团体标准、国家标准、区域标准或国际标准。国家标准、区域标准或国际标准。39In addition,in international trade,on some quality changes greatly,and the scientific method does not,difficult to establish uniform standards,such as agricultural and sideline products,has the following two kinds of standard:另外，在国际贸易中，对一些品质变化较大，不能和科学方法确实，难确定统一标准，如农副产品，有以下两种标准：40A、Fair average quality(FAQ)is the international market of agricultural by-products standard.The agricultural product of each production year intermediate goods,or a quarter or a shipment in place of a single commodity average quality.For example:Chinese Groundnut,1994crop,FAQMoisture(max.)13%Admixture(max.)5%Oil Content(min.)44%41A、良好平均品质良好平均品质俗称大路货大路货，是国际农副产品市场上通用标准。即农产品的每个生产年度的中等货，或某一季度或某装船月份在发运地的同一种商品的“平均品质”。如：中国花生仁，1994年产，大路货水分：最高13%杂质：最高 5%含油量：最低44%42B.Good Merchantable quality(G.M.Q)For the trading of wood and aquatic products,GMQ is employed to indicate the quality.GMQ means the goods is free from defects and is good enough for use or consumption.GMQ is usually not supplement with specification and when disputes arise because of the quality of the goods,exporters will have to be invited to make the arbitration.43B、上等可销品质上等可销品质也称“精选货精选货”。在买卖木材和水产木材和水产品品时，可以采用“凭上等可销品质”方式。“凭上等可销品质”是指卖方必须保证其交付的货物品质良好，合乎商销，而无须以其他方式证明商品的品质。但如果出现纠纷时，卖方卷入纠纷的仲裁。442.4 Sale by Description and Illustration凭说明书和图表买卖 Aiming at the complex structure,the materials and design requirements are very strict,illustrate its performance of large numbers of some goods,such as machinery,electrical,instrumentation.Sale by description and illustration,generally require a vendor quality assurance terms and technical terms of service.45 针对结构复杂、材料和设计的要求非常严格，说明其性能的数量较多的一些商品，如机器、电器、仪表等。凭说明书和图表买卖时，一般需订立卖方品质保证条款和技术服务条款。462.5 Sale by Trade Mark or Brand凭商标或牌号买卖 Trade brand name(Brand)refers to the manufacturer or seller of the production or sale of commodity brands,also known as brand.Trademark(Trade Mark)is a brand of patterned,is a specific commodity sign.Trademarks and trademark by trademark law protection47482.6 Sales by Origin凭产地名称买卖 Owing to some special factors like natural conditions and traditional production techniques in certain areas,the native products are renowned for their unique specialty in quality.So we can take the origin of the goods as characteristic of the commodity when stipulating the quality of goods such as France Perfume,German Beer,China Northeast Rice.49503.Quality Clauses in Sales Contract合同中的品质条款Because quality clause is one of the essential terms and conditions in a contract,a breach of contract by the seller will lead to a very serious consequence.In order to facilitate the buyers performance of the contract,certain tolerance is allowed in commodity quality.In the quality clause concerning by products,quality tolerance is stipulated,and as to manufactured goods,the concept of quality tolerance is applied.51因为品质条款合同的要件条款，如果卖方违约将产生十分严重的后果。为了便于卖方履约要给予卖方在品质掌握上一定的宽容度。对于农副产品在品质条款中规定品质机动幅度，对于工业制成品采用品质公差的概念。521.Quality Scopes品质机动幅度.About the quality of some unstable some primary products：bulk agricultural by-products,metals and minerals,which is allowed in the quality clause to allow some flexibility in the quality indicators within a certain range.对一些质量不甚稳定的某些初级产品:大宗农副产品、五金矿产品，允许卖方所交货物的品质指标在一定幅度内有灵活性。53Quality Scopes 品质机动幅度There are several order method:有以下几种订法：（1）To stipulate a certain scope:such as S:0.5%0.6%0.5%/0.6%规定范围：如S：0.5%0.6%0.5%/0.6%（2）To stipulate“max”or“min”such as the highestlargest(Max:0.5%);the lowest,minimum(Min:0.6%)规定极限：最高、最大(Max：0.5%()；最低、最小(Min：0.6%）（3）To stipulate more or less allowance,e.g.down content of down garment:16%1%规定上、下差异：羽绒含绒量16%1%1。54Quality Tolerance 品质公差 It is the tolerance that is recognized internationally,which is industrial manufactured goods in the process of the error,the error of existence is absolute,some are due to the limit of technological level and production level.These errors are allowed by the same industry.This is quality tolerance given to the sellers delivery.Within the range of tolerance,sellers delivered goods are qualified;the buyer can neither reject the goods,require adjustment to the price nor require returning goods and compensation.【Typical Case Link 2】55品质公差是国际上公认的产品品质的允许误差。品质公差是工业制成品在加工过程中所产生的误差，这种误差的存在是绝对的，其大小是由科技水平、生产力水平所限，是同行业公认允许的误差。这是给卖方交货的宽容度。只要在品质公差范围内，卖方的交货都是合法的，买方不得拒绝接受，不得要求调整价格，也不得要求退货和赔偿。【典型链接典型链接